Title: Class objectives: This course will be taught as a seminar type class. The first several weeks of the
1Class objectives This course will be taught as a
seminar type class. The first several weeks of
the semester will begin with an overview of the
major issues and difficulties associated with
cohesive treatment of the dynamics of human
motivation and emotion. I will then give a
presentation of motivation/emotion issues
associated with drug use and abuse. During the
first several weeks of the semester you will have
the opportunity to select a particular motivation
topic that you will later present to the class.
- Psychology 418-001 Motivation and Emotion
- Schedule MWF- 1200 -1250pm SB 220
- Instructor Dr. Robert Hakan
- Office Hours
2Topics
- Potential topic areas include the motivational
and affective nature of traditional areas of
study such as Hunger/eating, thirst/drinking,
aggression and sex. We may also expand our
consideration in non-traditional directions that
might include the motivational and affective
nature of topics such as jealousy, control,
anxiety, social inclusion, cognition, belief,
athletic performance, competition, fairness,
social deviance, artistic expression, etc Group
discussions may help evolve some of these topic
areas.
3- Topical presentations- Presentations will be
given by small teams. Each week a topic area will
be presented to the class. The presentations
should be divided into 2 parts an overview
presentation, and an assigned reading paper
discussion. Your mission will be to provide a
clear introduction to the topic and to develop
potential test questions through class
discussion. Each team member will share equal
responsibility for the quality of each
presentation. Some meaningful presentation will
be required of each member though it is not
necessary that each member provide equal public
presentation time. Team members should share
equally in the development of their presentations
and document their individual contributions to
the overall presentation. A copy of a
POWERPOINT presentation as well as a full APA
style topic paper will be required from each
topic team.
4- Assigned reading paper discussions As part of
each teams presentation, a general overview of
the topic should be provided in the first day or
two of presentation. On the first day of each
week, the team will also provide the class with
access to an experimental report. The class will
be required to read and review this report for
discussion on the Friday of each presentation
week. The selection of the paper to be reviewed
will be an important part of your teams grade.
The paper should be relevant and interesting.
During discussion of these papers the class will
develop questions that will potentially be used
for midterm and final exams. Each class member
will be responsible for reading and understanding
this paper. The instructor may ask surprise
questions about this paper and evaluate class
responses. Be prepared.
5- Policies Do not miss class without a verified
and valid written explanation. You may enter
class if you are late but please try to minimize
distraction. Turn phones off. Be respectful of
your class mates and help create a positive
learning environment.
6Grading (/- system)
- Team presentations
- Overview-15
- Discussion Paper- 10
- Powerpoint -10
- APA style report 15
- Midterm Exam-20
- Final Exam-20
- Attendance and Participation- 10
7Overview of issues in the study of motivation
- Definitions
- something that causes a person to act?
- Characterization
- Initiation
- Direction
- Intensity
- persistence
8Difficulties in the study of motivation
- measurements of motivation- the operational
definition -
- Multiple causes, multiple effects
- Unexpressed motivations
9Levels of analysis
- Biological
- Genetic
- Neural
- Hormonal
10Levels of Analysis
- Learning
- Experience and reinforcement
- Cognitive
- Intention and expectation
- Social
- Inclusion
- Imitation/modeling
11EMOTION-conflicting viewpoints
- James-Lange Theory
- Emotion is interpreted from body responses.
- Schacter and Singer, 1962
12Emotion as an epiphenomenon?
13Is it a motivation?Primary Affect Theory
- Tomkins Affect Theory
- POSITIVE AFFECTSFacial ExpressionInterest -
ExcitementEyebrows down, track, look,
listen.Enjoyment - JoySmile, lips widen and
out.NEUTRAL AFFECTÂ Surprise - StartleEyebrows up,
eyes blink.NEGATIVE AFFECTSÂ Distress -
AnguishCry, rhythmic sobbing, arched eyebrows,
mouth downFear - TerrorFrozen stare, face pale,
cold, sweaty, hair erect.Anger - RageFrown,
clenched jaw, red face.Shame - HumiliationEyes
down, head down and averted, blush.Dissmell
(reaction to bad smell)Upper lip raised, head
pulled back.DisgustLower lip raised and
protruded, head forward and down.                Â
          Figure 1. Adapted from Tomkins (1962
/1963)
14- MORNING SCENESAFFECT?I woke up this morning after
a bad night. I have slept badly and IÂ Â realise
that there is something wrong. I look at my
bedside clock and remember that I have not set
the alarm. A brief panic subsides when I remember
that I do not have an appointment until 10
o'clock. It's 8.35 a.m. I yawn, swing my legs
out of bed and walk to the window. As I draw the
curtains the morning sun streams through the
window. I smile with pleasure. Downstairs in the
kitchen I make some coffee. I pour milk from the
jug into my coffee cup. Tasting the coffee I pull
a face, realising the milk has gone sour. Then
another shock to my still semi-comatose system --
the phone rings. It's my daughter who always
brings me pleasure but not this morning. She has
been up most of the night with her sick baby
daughter. She is distraught, afraid, tired and in
tears. She wants to speak to her mother who is
out so I do my best to give her medical
advice. Then she reminds me that I have forgotten
to collect a prescription for her from the
chemist for my granddaughter. I apologise as I
hear the baby screaming in the background. I am
furious at my own forgetfulness.'What do I do?
She just won't stop,' she shouts.'I'll come over
straight away and I'll go to the chemist on the
way, I reply.
15Topics-all presentations should attempt to
address
- -Causes of the motivation
- -Effects of the Motivation
- Statistical evidence
16Potential Topics
- -Aggression
- -Sex
- -Fear anxiety
- -Hunger/ thirst
17Topics
- -Social inclusion
- -Hatred
- -Jealousy
- -need for Cognition
18Topics
- -Fairness
- -Self-esteem
- -Athletics/competition
- -Talking
- -Social trends/style
19Topics
- -Art
- -Effects of drugs on motivation?
- -Pathological motivations?
- Etc
20Developing Presentation Teams
- There will be 12 teams with 4 members each. It is
possible that one or two teams may have 5
members. - Discussion of interests.
21Schedule of presentations
22Schedule of presentations
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24Developing Questions for your Exams?
- Each Friday you will be required to submit in
written format 3 questions that you think would
be fair and relevant to include on exams. I will
select the three best questions from the class
and post on them 418 website. Take good
presentation notes!
25Two simple questions you should be able to answer
so far
- What are some of the complexities in the study of
motivation? - Describe the 3 conflicting theories of emotion
that were discussed in class
26MOTIVATION for ROMANTIC LOVE
- Who is in love?
- Cognitive Bias- special reading
27Love is mostly tender and quiet. Love is a light
that allows people to see things that are not
seen by others.Romantic love is a deep
emotional, sexual and spiritual recognition and
regard for the value of another person and
relationship.
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29- Different types of love involve combining three
fundamental qualities of love in different ways - These three qualities are
- 1.Passion
- Involves physical attraction and sexual desire
- 2.Intimacy
- Feelings of closeness and emotional attachment
- 3.Commitment
- The pledge to love someone over the long run,
through the ups and downs that are often part of
love
30Love is tricky business!
31Causes of Love?
- Evolution?
- Mate selection?
- Neural-hardwiring?
- Or learned?
32Early love Fmri
33Too late by now!
34Effects of Love?
- Behavioral
- Health
- Psychological
35Mate Selection?
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37The behaviors and costs of attraction
38Labors for love?
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43But careful how you spend your money!
44Clothing and style costsand behaviors
45Dating
- According to the increasing numbers of people
using dating services, most single men and women
worldwide are interested in finding someone
special and broadening their resources to make it
happen. The recent dating statistics shows that
online dating services now help over 7 million
registered users a year. 48 of men and 53 of
American women have used services of various
dating agencies.Â
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49Again, careful how you spend your money!
50Cost of dating
- How much does dating cost? 51 of American men
spend over 100 monthly on dates, and 29 spend
over 150, while nearly 2/3 of U.S. women spend
less than 50 a month. - Italian cuisine is number one choice for single
Americans according to the dating statistics. 46
of US singles would pick an Italian restaurant
for a first date.
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52Love often leads to legal relationships
53Companionship Shared time and interests
54Health and longevity?
- Overall, while all types of social connection
were important to survival, whether or not an
adult was married was the most important
predictor of survival (Berkman and Syme 1979).
55- Hu and Goldman (Hu and Goldman 1990) analysed
marital status specific death rates for 16
developed countries. In all countries, death
rates of single, widowed and divorced men greatly
exceeded those for married men. The differences
were greater in the younger age groups and
greater for the divorced. For the widowed and
divorced in their twenties and early thirties
mortality risks were sometimes 10 times those of
the married.
56- On the other hand it is well known that stressful
and dysfunctional marital and family
relationships contribute to ill-health (Walker
1996) and are implicated in contributing to
intractable physical pain(Towers 1995). Hence
marital and family stress, conflict, and
dysfunction are probably a contributing factor to
many forms of poor health. This is another reason
why programs to increase the number of happily
married couples should be a health strategy
priority.
57However, relationships often do not work out.
58Sometimes from the very beginning
59As in unrequited love
60May partially explain stalking behavior
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62Sometimes after a little dating
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64And lead to many aversive behaviors
65For many different reasons
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69And may be linked with other motivational states
70Sometimes a break up should happen but doesnt
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72It can go both ways
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74Break ups sometimes occur after a marriage
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76Even though it appears to be unhealthy
77And can lead to aversive emotions
78Inevitably a successful romantic relationship
will terminate
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82Sati
83Ch. 1 Introduction to Motivation and Emotion
- To Be Moved into Action
- Motivated to be moved into action
- Schopenhauer Action or behavior is not
spontaneous but is caused by either internal or
external (environmental) incentives - Motive to approach positive incentives or to
avoid negative incentives - Incentive an anticipated reward or aversive
event that is possible in the environment
84- Relationship between incentives and motives
Attaining an incentive is the goal of a persons
motive. - Sometimes internal sources or motives are
incentives, while at other time external
(environmental) sources motivate people. - As well, both internal and external sources may
play a role in motivation. - When someone says, I am a highly motivated
person, what does this mean?
85- Determinism vs. Free Will and Free Act
- Free Will if the motive is freely chosen then
the person has free will - Determinism is the belief that current events
are made necessary by preceding events. The
motives that a person currently possesses were
made necessary by conditions that occurred in the
past - Free Act the person could have done otherwise
if they wanted to - Determined Act implies that in order to satisfy
a motive the person had no other alternative but
to act the way they did.
86Sources of Motivation
- Internal Sources of Motivation
- Evolutionary History refers to the effect of
millions of years of natural selection on shaping
human nature - Evolutionary Psychology One goal of
evolutionary psychologist is to describe and
understand psychological mechanisms in terms of
their natural selection.
87- Personal History refers to the individuals
experiences from conception to present. These
experiences shape the events that motivate the
individual, including motives, incentives, and
the behaviors to satisfy those motives. - Judgments about what is pleasing and to be
approached or displeasing and to be avoided are
based on past experiences - Law of Hedonic Contrast The pleasantness of a
stimulus depends of the sum of previous
experiences with a similar group of stimuli. - Radio play and songs on the charts
88- Physiological and Neurological Counterparts
- Desires, wants and urges are mental events that
are believed to originate in the mind - Reductionism explaining the findings of one
science by translating them to the principles of
a more basic science. - Environmental Origins of Motivation
- Incentives are stimuli that motivate behavior.
The amount of incentive and its distance in the
future affect motivation. - The greater the amount of the incentive, the more
it will motivate the individual. Lets take class
participation as an example.
89- Interaction between Internal and Environmental
Origins - Behavior is motivated by both internal and
external sources - Internal sources refer to motives and desires,
while external sources refer to the incentives or
goals that satisfy them - Food and water will motivate behavior provided
that the organism is either hungry or thirsty. - Satiated rats will stop pressing the lever for
food
90- Motivation Sequence
- Choice refers to the selection of the motives
or incentives from those vying for satisfaction - Choice is the first step
- Instrumental Behaviors are those motivated
activities in which a person engages in to
satisfy a motive. Working for money and studying
to pass a test are both instrumental behaviors. - Duration or persistence the amount of time a
person persists to satisfy a goal - Frequency the rate of engaging in a particular
behavior - Intensity or effort of behavior varies directly
with motivation
91- Consummatory Behavior to complete or end a
behavioral sequence - Examining subjective feelings of the individual
on satisfying a motive. Does the person feel a
sense of relief, pride, or disappointment when
completing a goal - Emotions
- Emotional feelings are shown in multiple ways
- Verbally the verbalizes their emotions to
another. - Physically stronger emotions elicit physically
stronger displays of emotion. Passionate kisses,
embraces, etc.
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93- Facial Expressions allow us to display as well
as perceive how someone is feeling - Emotional Clouding of Thinking studies have
found that when someone is in a sad vs. happy
mood when they heard word banned-band they would
more often report hearing banned. But, when in a
happy mood they more often reported hearing band
94Study of Motivation and Emotion
- How do we asses motivations and emotions?
- Experimentally some variable is manipulated to
see what effects this has on emotion or
motivation - Survey/Questionnaire (Correlation Research) we
ask people how are/were you feeling on a Likert
scale - Recreating/Creating Scenarios through
recreation or creating scenarios we can see how
motivation and emotion are affected.
95- Naturalistic Observation by observing people in
public we can study emotion - What may be some problems with the different
types of research? - Experimental Variable the variable that is
manipulated by the experimenter - Correlational Variable contains levels that are
measured but not created by the experimenter - Dependent Variable the behavior that depends on
the experimental variable. (how many minutes it
takes a subject before giving up on, or
completing, a task)
96- Research in a Natural Setting
- We use naturalistic observation when maybe it
would not be ethically feasible to conduct the
research, such as with anorexics and addicts. - Research in Emotion
- When conducting emotion research naturalistic
observation is used when it would be ethically
wrong to evoke these emotions experimentally,
such as with PTSD cases - Also, with 9/11 and Katrina we could not recreate
this trauma in a lab so we did survey based
research and naturalistic observations.