Chapter 25 The New Imperialism

1
Chapter 25The New Imperialism

• Section 3 European Challenges to the Muslim World

2

• Setting the Scene
• ''Europe is a molehill said Napoleon Bonaparte
  in 1797. He felt it offered too few chances for
  glory. "We must go to the East," he declared.
  "All great glory has been acquired there." In
  1798, he put his thoughts into action by invading
  Egypt, a province of the Ottoman empire.
• Napoleon's Egyptian campaign highlighted Ottoman
  decline and opened a new era of European contact
  with the Muslim world. In the early 1800s,
  European countries were just nibbling at the
  edges of the Muslim world. Before long, they
  would strike at its heartlands.

3
I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• In the 1500s, three Muslim empires ruled - the
  Mughals in India, the Ottomans in the Middle
  East, and the Safavids in Iran.

4
I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• The Muslim empires declined due to weak
  governments, corruption, and discontent

Revolts during the 17th century Mughal Empire
5
I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements
  stressed religious piety and strict rules of
  behavior

6
I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• The Wahhabis revolt against Ottoman rule was
  crushed but the Wahhabi movement survived

7
I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• In the 1880s, Muhammad Ahmad claimed he was the
  Mahdi and resisted British expansion into the
  Sudan

Muhammad Ahmed Al Mahdi 1845 - 1885
8
I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• The Muslim empire faced western imperialism and
  Europeans won trading treaties

9
II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• Ideas of nationalism spread, weakening the
  Ottoman Empire as territories broke away

10
II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• European states sought to benefit from the
  break-up of the Ottoman empire

11
II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• In the 1890s, the liberal Young Turks insisted
  that reform was the only way to save the empire

12
II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• Tensions between Turkish nationalists triggered a
  brutal genocide of the Armenians

13
III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• Muhammad Ali, appointed governor in 1805, is
  sometimes called the "father of modern Egypt"

Mehemet 'Ali (1769-1849)
14
III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• Ali introduced political and economic reforms and
  turned Egypt into a Middle Eastern power

15
III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• In 1859 the French built the Suez Canal linking
  the Mediterranean and Red seas

16
III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• In 1875, Egypt was forced to sell its shares in
  the canal and Britain gained control

'The Lion's Share' of Suez Canal Gives Britain
the Key to India
17
III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• When Egyptian nationalists revolted in 1882,
  Britain took control and made Egypt a
  protectorate

18
IV. Iran and the European Powers

• The Qajar shahs, who ruled Iran from 1794 to
  1925, exercised absolute power like the Safavids
  before them

19
IV. Iran and the European Powers

• Although they did make some reforms, it did not
  save Iran from western imperialism

20
IV. Iran and the European Powers

• Russia and Britain set up spheres of influence,
  outraging nationalists and dividing the Iranians