Global warming as a theme

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Introduction

• Global warming as a theme
• The chemicals of global warming
• Chemistry big ideas
• Periodic Table a first look
• Discovery of elements
• The birth of matter
• The evolution of matter

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Global warming fact or fiction?

• Global warming is real
• Scientific consensus supported by immense amount
  of data
• Historical information about global temperatures
• Known facts about the characteristics of matter
• Sound theoretical projections
• Human effects vs natural cycles
• The other side
• No scientists with training in relevant science
• Proponents are scientists with out of subject
  training or with bogus credentials
• Political, economic and religious agendas
• Funding by foundations and business groups with
  interests that would be damaged by significant
  response to global warming

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Chemicals connected to global warming - 1

• Elements
• Hydrogen, H (H2), Oxygen, O (O2), Carbon, C,
  Calcium, Ca
• Nonmetals (H, C, O)
• Metals (Ca)
• Types of bonding
• H2 O2 molecular covalent
• C network covalent
• Ca metallic
• Examples and models
• Of properties of elements
• Of characteristics of bonding

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Chemicals connected to global warming - 2

• Compounds
• Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
• Molecular covalent
• All substances that absorb heat energy and effect
  global warming
• Methane also an energy source
• Octane (C8H18), glucose (C6H12O6), ethanol
  (C2H6O)
• Molecular covalent
• Organic and biochemicals
• All energy sources
• Calcium oxide (CaO), calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
• Ionic
• depository for CO2
• Examples and models
• Of properties of compounds
• Of different kinds of bonding
• Of attractions BETWEEN different pieces of
  matter

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Chemistry Big Ideas - 1

• Unlike humans, not all matter is created equal.
• Just like humans, specific matter belongs to
  families and communities and these families and
  communities can overlap.
• The structure of individual humans determines
  the possible functions of these humans just as
  the structure of specific matter (chemicals)
  determines the possibilities for those chemicals.
  
• Individual kinds of matter interact differently
  with other kinds of matter, just like individual
  humans relate differently to other humans
  depending on who they are.

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Chemistry Big Ideas - 2

• As with exchanges between humans, exchanges
  between different kinds of matter can be equal or
  unequal
• As with communities of humans, communities of
  matter shift location and character when
  responding to internal or external forces
• Small changes or shifts in both human and
  chemical communities can cause major changes in
  how both types of communities behave.
• Humans and matter seek to maximize both security
  and freedom
• Humans and matter can exist in non ideal
  conditions that can change to more ideal
  conditions under the right circumstances

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Tools to understand chemistry

• Solving puzzles from incomplete information ?
  finding patterns
• Flow diagrams ? learning a few facts and then
  making decisions to come to correct answers
• Dynamic reaction figures completing reactions
  and other things by knowing how to match
  complimentary items

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The Periodic Table a first look

• One of the great triumphs of the human mind
• Organization, patterns, predictability
• Current Problems in how chemistry is taught and
  learned
• An emphasis on learning facts vs learning big
  ideas
• No storyline chapter by chapter approach
• Visual memory overload
• Learning individual bytes of program instead of
  programs
• Dwelling too much on the exceptions
• Not showing students how to use tools effectively

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One way to start !
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Another way to start

• Build on what you already know
• Take an historical approach
• When elements were discovered and what that means
  about how accessible and stable they might be
• Look at how the matter we have on earth actually
  came to be from the big bang

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The Periodic Table what you already know!

• Names and symbols of common elements
• H, N, O, C, Na, Cl
• Concept of atomic number
• The upper whole number
• The number of protons/electrons
• The number used for bonding
• Concept of atomic weight
• The lower number with one or more decimal places
• The number used in g to mole calculations
• Development of the table
• Mendeleev a Russian guy
• Elements in columns have similarities

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Facts about the Periodic Table

• The current form of the Periodic Table of the
  Elements
• Not Final still being changed by addition of
  elements
• Recent change in numbering of families (columns)
• Suggestions still being made on organization!
• Organization is EXTREMELY important
• Terminology
• Columns (vertical) Groups (families)
• Some groups have names (later) others are
  referred to by number only
• Rows (horizontal) Periods
• Main part vs the detached parts
• All our work will be in the main part
• Metals and nonmetals - detail

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Elements known to ancients (B.C.)

• Eleven elements
• Early discovery Easy to find or extract
• Found in elemental form
• Gold, silver
• Must be chemically stable as elements
• Carbon (diamonds and coal), sulfur (brimstone)
• Produced by biological or geological processes
• Easily extractable from common ores
• Metallurgy was an early human activity swords
• Iron, copper, lead, tin, antimony, mercury,
  bismuth
• S and C are only light elements
• Ag, Au, Hg, Pb, Sn, Sb, Bi are all heavy

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Further Discovery of the Elements

• Age of Alchemy (to 1750)
• 6 elements
• Isolated in search for philosophers stone to
  turn base metals into gold
• Phosphorous, cobalt, nickel, zinc, arsenic,
  platinum
• Only one light element improved ability to
  extract metals (nonmetals) from ores
• Between 1766 and 1800 14 elements
• Between 1801 and 1830 21 more elements

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Sir Humphrey Davy (17781829) two years, 6
elements

• 1807 sodium and potassium
• Isolated by electrolysis of hydroxides of sodium
  (caustic soda) and potassium (caustic potash)
  NaOH, KOH
• 1808 magnesium, calcium, barium
• Magnesium from magnesia (MgO) by electrolysis
• Calcium from lime (CaO) by electrolysis
• Barium from baryta (BaO) by electrolysis
• 1808 boron
• From reaction of boric acid (H3BO3) with
  potassium (K)
• Found in nature in chemicals with H and O
  present!!!

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• First memorization task
• Get elements name/symbol by going online
• Find out interesting stuff about Periodic Table
  and elements
• Webelements website http//www.webelements.com/

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Our Hot and Glorious Past -the Origins of Matter
and Energy

• The Big Bang the facts
• Creation of protons and electrons
• 10n ? 11p 0-1e
• Creation of H and He
• Production of lots and lots of energy
• Mass difference energy
• E mc2

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The Big Bang the picture
Red neutrons blue protons (electrons not
shown) A right before big bang B 10
minutes C 20 minutes D 30 minutes
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Thinking synthetically

• Synthesis making things from other things
• Steps in thinking synthetically
• What pieces do we have to start with?
• What are the rules for combining these pieces?
• Can these pieces be brought close enough to each
  together to make something new, and if they can
  how is this be done?
• Can these pieces interact to make new things?
• Are the new pieces stable and will they even stay
  together?

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Some Big Bang Synthesis

• 2 11p 2 10n ? 42He
• 2 11H 2 10n ? 42He (same as above)
• 1 1H 2 10n ? 31H
• 1 1H 10n ? ?
• 2 11H 10n ? ?
• Isotopes
• Nuclei with same of p but different of n
• Stable most common
• 1 1H 42He
• Stable less common
• 2 1H 32He
• Unstable (radioactive)
• 31H
• Half life (variable length)

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After the Big Bang

• Compression of H (and He) by gravity
• Ignition of nuclear fire
• Birth of first generation star
• Production of He from H
• 4 11H ? 42He !!!
• Charge balance energy balance
• 4 11H ? 42He other particles antiparticles
  heat
  light
• Mass difference again

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Adulthood of First Generation Star

• Stellar histories
• Different first generation stars have different
  fates
• Stars with mass greater than 8 times of our sun
  have unique life
• Continued compression and temperature increase
• Production of higher elements (fusion reactions)
• 42He 42He ?
• 84Be other particles heat light
• 42He 84Be ?
• 126C other particles heat light
• 42He 126C ?
• 168O other particles heat light
• Mass difference
• Produce energy therefore increase temperature
  increase pressure

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Death of a first generation star

• At about 10 trillion degrees Fe fusion with He
  can occur
• 42He 5626Fe ?
• 6028Ni other particles
• Ni product weighs more than He and Fe!
• 42He 5626Fe energy ?
• 6028Ni other particles
• Star cools at center!
• Supernova occurs
• Very compressed and close nuclei
• Lots of collisions
• Formations of all kinds of other nuclei including
  all nuclei heavier than Ni
• Formations of all kinds of isotopes stable AND
  unstable

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Home Sweet Home Whats on Earth

• Gravity is always there!
• Particles created in supernova cool down
• Particles brought together
• 99 of particles are still H and He nuclei and
  electrons in the vicinity
• Other forces
• Strong nuclear force only at very high T and
  pressure
• Weak nuclear force radioactive decay
• Unstable nucleus ? other nucleus energetic
  radiation
• Other nucleus may also be unstable!
• Energetic radiation heats up surroundings
• Long lived radioactive nuclei will continue to
  produce energy for billions of years!
• Chemical forces finally!!
• Attractions of negative and positive regions of
  atoms and collections of atoms for each other
• Formation of chemical species

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Step 1 in the formation chemical species
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Step 2 in the formation chemical species
Figure 2 Cooling matter after supernova Circles
with charges represent various nuclei blue dots
represent electrons that have been collected by
nuclei red dots represent electrons still in
plasma  
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Step 3 in the formation chemical species
Figure 3 Formation of chemical species on
cooling of matter Circles with charges represent
various nuclei nuclei in contact with each other
surrounded by electrons are chemical species
some nuclei have collected electrons but have not
interacted with other nuclei there are still
free electrons  
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Step 4 in the formation chemical species
  Figure 4 Rearrangement of chemical species
upon further collisions and cooling Circles with
charges represent various nuclei nuclei in
contact with each other surrounded by electrons
are chemical species some nuclei have collected
electrons but have still not interacted with
other nuclei
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After formation of first chemical species

• Chemical species collide with each other
• Chemical attractions take hold
• Melting caused by radioactive decay changes
  chemical species
• New chemical species combinations form
• welding compacts matter
• Gravity always pulling together matter
• Of any and all sizes!
• Dust becomes pebbles become rocks become boulders
  etc etc.

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Summary of Protoplanet Formation
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Stratification

• Melting caused by gravitational compression,
  radioactive decay and meteor bombardment
• Denser chemical species and atomic elements
  sink to center
• Temperature hot enough and pressure high enough
  to have liquid (and compressed solid) metal
  elements
• Lighter chemical species float to top
• Process occurs over millions of years
• Matter can investigate possible arrangements
• Most stable chemical species form
• High reactivity of oxygen important in mantle and
  crust
• Important in retaining lighter elements

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Abundance of elements from universe to
humans (out of every 100,000 atoms)
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Primitive earth in oxidizing environment

• Elemental oxygen highly reactive
• Combines with most other elements (later)
• Formation of oxides
• Most stable compounds formed
• Energy big one
• Most oxidized form of each element obtained
• To get most oxidized iron took 1 billion years!!!

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Primitive earth after oxidation

• All oxygen bound up in compounds
• To get to reduced compounds requires energy
• Continued energy input from sun
• Reduced compounds can continue to be produced
• Reduced compounds can accumulate if oxygen not
  present in reactive form

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Magic happens

• In warm water substantially below the surface
• Protected from radiation
• Protected from oxidation
• Primitive organic chemicals form in reducing
  environment
• Polymers complex organic substances form small
  organic substances
• Self-replicating chemical systems form
• Self-replicating systems become enclosed in
  protected environments
• Self-replicating cells form
• Self-replicating cells incorporate primitive
  chlorophyll and capture solar energy
• Chlorophyll is very simple substance

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Magic continues

• Primitive photosynthetic cells produce molecular
  oxygen as waste product
• Molecular oxygen accumulates in atmosphere
• Significant ozone forms in upper atmosphere
• Protective layer against harmful radiation
• Primitive organisms can move closer to the
  surface
• Capture more energy
• More accessible to substances entering water
• Evolution accelerates
• Second form of life that utilize molecular oxygen
  as energy source develops
• Remember that reaction with oxygen produces
  energy and can therefore run machines
  (including living ones)
• Some life forms leave water to live on land (and
  in the air)
• Take a biology course for the details from here!