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Lifespan Development

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Title: Lifespan Development


1
Lifespan Development
2
  • Growth.
  • Physiological development of a living being that
    is measured in body size.
  • Development.
  • Progression of behavioral changes that involve
    cognitive, linguistics, and psychosocial skills.
  • G D
  • Predictable
  • Continuous
  • Sequential
  • Stages build on each other
  • Different rates for each person

3
Factors That Influence G D
  • Genetics
  • Chromosomes
  • Physical traits, human functioning
  • Environment
  • Social and cultural groups
  • Animate
  • Specific people that influence the person
  • Inanimate
  • Different aspects of the physical surroundings
  • Perception
  • Interpretation of the environment

4
Psychodynamics Theories
  • Explanation of human behavior through the
    lifespan.
  • Erikson
  • Development is a lifelong process, birth to death
  • Emotional and social development of the
    personality
  • Page 266 table 17-2
  • Normal vs. abnormal behavior

5
  • Cognitive Development Theory
  • Perception and thinking throughout the
    development stages.
  • Piaget
  • Ability to think and reason in a logical manner
  • Three abilities
  • Assimilation
  • Accommodation
  • Adaptation
  • Developmental Task Theory
  • Havighurst
  • Living and growing is based on learning and
    learned behaviors
  • Developmental task
  • P. 268 table 17-4

6
Developmental Milestones
  • Predictable patterns of normal development
    according to age

7
Human Needs Theory
  • Maslow
  • Hierarchy framework based on physiologic needs
    resulting in self-actualization.
  • Focus on health promotion, wellness, preventing
    illness
  • Encourages individuals taking responsibility for
    their health.
  • Handout

8
Intrauterine Development
  • Single cell to a human being
  • Physical Development
  • First Trimester
  • Embryo-2-8 weeks
  • 8 weeks
  • Face, legs, arms, brain, heartbeat, productive
    digestive system and liver ( RBC production)
  • Susceptible to environmental and developmental
    influences
  • Malformation
  • Appearance of the first bone
  • Fetus
  • 3 inches long and weighs 1 oz.

9
  • Second Trimester
  • Continues to developed and nonviable lt20 weeks
  • Lanugo, head hair, eye lashes, eyebrows,
    fingernails, and toenails.
  • Skeletal ossification
  • Red and wrinkled
  • Eyes are closed
  • 11-14 inches long and weighs 1 lb, 4 oz
  • Third Trimester
  • Refined fetal features
  • Increase in size
  • Decreased movement
  • Head large in comparison to the body
  • Lungs mature
  • Short-term immunity from the mother
  • Through placenta
  • High survival rate

10
Intrauterine Cont
  • Psychosocial Development
  • Pre term events may effect cognitive, language,
    and affective development.
  • Cognitive Development
  • Fetus response to internal and external
  • Change in heart rate or movement
  • Diminished 02, severe prenatal malnutrition can
    adversely affect developmental functioning

11
Newborn
  • Birth to 1 month
  • Physical Development
  • Nutrition
  • Breathing
  • Elimination
  • Immature organs
  • Average weight 7 lbs 1 oz
  • Average height 19.3 inches
  • Reflexive movement of extremities
  • Briefly lift head
  • Fisted hands

12
Infant
  • 1 month to 1 year
  • Physical development
  • Fast growth
  • Voluntary motor movements
  • Visual acuity
  • Motor ability increases
  • Pincher grasp
  • Eruption of deciduous teeth

13
Toddler
  • 1 to 3 years
  • Physical
  • Large heads, pot-bellied
  • Slower growth rate
  • All deciduous teeth present (3ys)
  • Visual acuity
  • 2-3 years 20/30

14
Preschooler
  • 3-6 years
  • Physical
  • At 5 years
  • AV 39 lbs, 40 inches
  • Miniature adult form
  • Permanent teeth begin
  • Attend to ADLs
  • Visual acuity
  • 20/20

15
School-age
  • 6-11 years
  • Physical
  • Taller and thinner
  • 2-3 inches/year
  • 6.5 lbs/year
  • Redistribution of fat and muscle
  • Facial changes
  • Loose/gain four teeth per year
  • Large muscle activities
  • Small muscle activities

16
Adolescent
  • 11-22 years
  • Physical
  • Rapid growth
  • Puberty
  • Growth spurts

17
Young Adult
  • 21-40 years
  • Physical
  • Stable physical structure
  • Maturation complete
  • Peak efficiency
  • Peak reproductive function

18
(No Transcript)
19
Middle Adult
  • 40-60 years
  • Physical
  • Transition
  • Redistribution of body tissue
  • Hair changes
  • Decreased vision
  • Decreased muscular strength
  • Decreased hormones
  • Increased fatigue
  • Maintain healthy life style

20
Older Adults
  • 60 years and older
  • Physical
  • Decline in physiologic systems functions
  • Decreased in stamina and strength
  • dDcreased recovery time
  • Sensory changes
  • Decreased elimination control
  • Degenerative changes in bones
  • Handout

21
Health Perception and Health Management
  • Fetus, Newborn, and Infant
  • Maternal factors have a life long effect
  • General health, health history, drug/alcohol use,
    smoking, exposure to toxins, diet, and stress
  • Early prenatal care
  • Lifestyles conducive for optimum health of the
    fetus
  • Infants
  • Regular well child visits
  • Immunizations
  • Preventive teaching

22
  • Prone to infection
  • Mouthing objects
  • Day care
  • Low socioeconomic status
  • Chief concern
  • Safety
  • Safe sleeping conditions
  • Fall prevention
  • Aspirations
  • Poisoning
  • Toddler/Preschooler
  • Prone infections/minor illness
  • Immunizations
  • Falls, minor scrapes, drowning, burns, poisoning
    MVA
  • Environmental safety
  • Proper storage of chemicals/medications
  • Seatbelts/life vest
  • Household
  • Wall sockets, stoves, stairs, space heaters

23
  • School-Age
  • Minor illness
  • Exposure to other children at school
  • Accidents
  • Bicycles, skateboards, other riding vehicles
  • Stranger Awareness
  • Adolescents
  • Learning identity/ testing limits
  • Feel invulnerability
  • Health risk
  • Smoking, drugs, alcohol, fast driving, DUI,
    sexual activity
  • STDs, AIDS Pregnancy
  • Gang activity
  • Suicide/homicide
  • Children killing children
  • Teach
  • Sex education, proper nutrition, hygiene

24
  • Adults
  • Occupational safety
  • Unhealthy behaviors
  • Smoking, drinking promiscuity
  • Hypertension, DM, elevated cholesterol, serious
    illness (cancer)
  • Older adults
  • Age-related changes
  • Decreased ability to manage health
  • Hearing, vision, mobility
  • Poor nutrition
  • Effects of unhealthy habits
  • COPD, DM CAD, joint degeneration
  • Guidance
  • Health teaching on behavior modifications

25
Activity and Exercise
  • Newborn/infant
  • Prone to respiratory difficulties
  • Immaturity of airways and lungs
  • Safety
  • Injury
  • Close supervision
  • Toddler/Preschooler
  • Respiratory infection
  • Adventurous and take risk
  • Guidance
  • Prevention of infection and promoting safety

26
  • School-age
  • Respiratory infection
  • Susceptible to fractures
  • Bones are not ossified completely
  • Safety issues
  • protective clothing when riding bicycles,
    skateboards, roller blades
  • Sports injuries
  • Adolescents
  • smoking, smokeless tobacco
  • malignancy, decreased lung capacity
  • Sport safety
  • Driving safety
  • Gang alert
  • Appearance
  • Skin problems/Acne

27
  • Adults/Older Adults
  • Effects of smoking and pollution
  • Lung and heart problems
  • ASHD
  • Change in motor ability
  • Decreased exercise
  • use it or lose it, if you rest you rust
  • Guidance
  • Regular exercise programs, low fat, high fiber
    diet, leisure activity

28
Nutrition Metabolic
  • Newborn/ Infants
  • Breast milk/ formula
  • First 6 months
  • Eruption of teeth
  • Solid foods
  • Poor temperature regulation
  • Decreased fat
  • Guidance
  • Proper formula preparation
  • Introduction of new foods

29
  • Toddler/ Preschooler
  • Parents have less control on what children eat
  • Incomplete chewing of food
  • Choke
  • Teach
  • Encouragement of variety of foods
  • Hygiene practices
  • WASHING HANDS
  • Brushing and flossing teeth
  • 1st dentist visit
  • 2nd birthday
  • School age
  • Social influence on food consumption
  • Peer influences/media
  • Involve child in food preparation

30
  • Adolescent
  • Rapid growth/ high nutritional needs
  • Insufficient iron, CA, Zinc
  • Health problem
  • Bulimia, anorexia nervosa
  • Stress eatingobesity
  • Teach
  • Good nutrition
  • Behavior change r/t thinness
  • Adult/Older adult
  • Activity decrease
  • Nutritional needs unchanged
  • Obesity, bulimia, anorexia nervosa
  • Health problems
  • CAD, DM, Renal
  • Teach
  • reliable information/healthy lifestyle

31
Elimination
  • Newborn/infant
  • No bladder/bowel control r/t immaturity
  • Diaper rash
  • Toddler/ Preschooler
  • Potty control-2-3 years
  • Patience, allow the child to progress at the
    child's own pace
  • School age
  • Nocturnal enuresis
  • gt6 yearsproblem

32
  • Adult/Older Adult
  • Disrupted by normal life events
  • Pregnancy
  • Pelvic musculature
  • Stress incontinence
  • CVA, prostatic surgery, colostomy
  • Incontinence/ nocturia

33
Sleep and Rest
  • Newborn/Infant
  • Sleep through the night by 3-4 months
  • Sleep patterns
  • Toddler/Preschooler
  • 1-2 naps
  • Majority of sleep at night
  • Nightmares
  • 2 years
  • Fearful situations

34
  • School age.
  • Continuation of nightmares and nighttime
    awakening.
  • Bedwetting.
  • Children will outgrow this.
  • Scolding and punishment are ineffective.
  • Adolescents.
  • Increased need of sleep r/t rapid growth and
    endocrine changes.
  • Teach time management and balance of activities
    to encourage more sleep time.

35
  • Adults/Older Adults
  • Sleep problems often linked to stress
  • Poor sleep habits
  • Nighttime eating, exercises prior to bedtime.
  • Insomnia-problem initiating or maintaining sleep
  • Sleep apnea- absence of breath for gt 10 seconds
    five time an hour
  • Keep sleep routine

36
Cognition/Perception
  • Newborn/Infants
  • Sensory stimulation is a basic need
  • Over stimulation can stress the nervous system
  • Pain identification
  • Rubbing ears- otitis media
  • Decrease in nursing-sore throat
  • Restless sleep, fussy, crying-pain
  • Physical sensory stimulation
  • Cuddling, holding
  • Environmental stimulation
  • Colorful mobiles, pictures, sounds, and toys

37
  • Toddler/Preschooler
  • Hearing and vision problems can impede
    developmental progress
  • Often will continue playing even when in pain
  • 3ys can use pain face scale
  • School age/adolescents
  • Difficulty with school work
  • Sensory problems
  • Physiologic, emotional, environmental problems
  • Drugs / alcohol
  • Poor academic performance,withdrawal, change in
    personality
  • Adult/Older Adult
  • Age declining sensory function
  • Pain perception varies with age
  • Not a part of the aging process
  • Confusion, dementia

38
Self-Perception and Self-Concept
  • Newborn/Infants
  • Stems from primary caregivers
  • Toddler/preschooler
  • Egocentric
  • Anger, jealousy, regression
  • School-age/ adolescent
  • Tied to peers and peer relationships
  • Challenges the persons self-concept
  • Positive groups
  • Church, Scouts, Sports
  • Adults/Older Adults
  • Adults this pattern is individual.
  • Older Adults-depressed over life events

39
Roles and Relationships
  • Newborn/Infants
  • Attachment
  • Interaction between infant and caregiver
  • Toddler/Preschooler
  • Sense of loss
  • Separation anxiety and protest
  • Not evidence of lack of attachment

40
  • School age/Adolescent
  • Two influencing keys
  • Sexual development
  • Peer group
  • Less time with family
  • Adults/ Older Adults
  • Roles include
  • Career, intimacy, marriage, parenthood
  • Defer parenting r/t career
  • Middle/ older adults roles
  • Loss of relationships
  • Relocation, divorce, death or illness
  • Loss of work role
  • Reduced mobility and activity

41
Coping and Stress
  • Newborn/Infants
  • Not immune to stress
  • Stress r/t satisfaction of basic needs
  • Toddler/Preschooler
  • Separation stress
  • Death, divorce, illness of family
  • Sibling rivalry
  • Learn from stressful events
  • Positive/negative

42
  • School age/adolescents
  • Academic pressures
  • Sport performance expectations
  • Peer pressure
  • Substance abuse
  • Adult/Older Adult
  • Balancing various roles
  • Events in change and loss

43
Sexuality and Reproduction
  • Newborn/Infants
  • Gender determined at conception
  • Toddler/Preschooler
  • Exploratory behavior
  • Play doctor
  • Exhibitionistic behavior
  • Removal of clothes
  • Can identify between sexes based on body parts

44
  • School Age/ Adolescents
  • Stable concept of self as male or female by 7 yrs
  • Adolescents
  • STD/Aids
  • Birth control
  • Identification of sexual preference
  • Heterosexual/Homosexual
  • Sexual abuse
  • Children-sleep disturbances and excessive holding
    on to parents
  • School age- phobias, decline in school
    performances
  • Adolescents- Socially unacceptable behaviors,
    sexual promiscuity, run away from home, failing
    academic performances

45
  • Adults/Older Adults
  • Early adults
  • Reproduction
  • STDs, sexual dysfunction
  • Middle adults
  • Women menopause
  • Older adults
  • Decreased mobility
  • Limit sexual activity
  • Health problems
  • Relocation
  • Nursing home

46
Values and Beliefs
  • Newborn/Infants
  • Poor understanding of right or wrong until older
  • Toddler/Preschooler
  • Punishment and rewards guide their behaviors
  • Religious practices through family
  • School age
  • Want to fit in and will do right
  • Less emphasis on reward and punishment

47
  • Adolescents
  • Moral judgments that are situation-specific
    leading to a choice or decision
  • Question faith and challenge religion.
  • Adults/ Older Adults
  • Values and moral development are at the highest
    level with autonomous decisions
  • Moral reasoning is bound by rules and personal
    values
  • Spiritual beliefs evolve and are applied to
    various situations.
  • Health and spiritual harmony
  • Blaming a higher being for health problems
  • Feel they have done wrong
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