The Second Feudal Age 900 1350 sort of

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The Second Feudal Age 900 1350 (sort of)

• Middle Ages leading to Crusades and Mongolians

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Change
9th c
6th C
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You can identify the change based on culture

• Two different architectural styles
• Romanesque
• Gothic
• Population increases and growth of cities
• Changing role of women
• New social classes including economic influences
  from Merchant and Craft Guilds
• Centralization of authority and limitation of
  authority
• Changing role of church
• Changing styles of warfare
• Practice war games such as jousting

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Romanesque Architectural Style

• Rounded Arches.
• Barrel vaults.
• Thick walls.
• Darker, simplistic interiors.
• Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

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Romanesque Architecture
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Gothic Architectural Style

• Pointed arches.
• High, narrow vaults.
• Thinner walls.
• Flying buttresses.
• Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
• Stained-glass windows because you could use
  large windows instead of stone walls

Flying Buttresses
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Gothic Churches
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Cause and Effect

• FOR WANT OF A NAIL
• For want of a nail, the shoe was lost
• For want of the shoe, the horse was lost
• For want of the horse, the rider was lost
• For want of the rider, the battle was lost
• For want of the battle, the kingdom was lost,
• And all for the want of a nail .

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Beginning of Germanic Comitatus or Kinship Groups

• König, eorlas und thanes
• kings, nobles and warriors
• Mutual loyalty -- warriors fight for king, king
  is generous to warriors
• Originally a socially egalitarian setup, during
  the third and fourth centuries Ce then became
  socially stratified
• Basis for feudal loyalty
• Ideal and philosophy expressed in oral epics
  like Beowulf and The Song of Roland

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More of a Feudal Web than pyramid
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Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on
loyalty and military service but must be coupled
with manorialism
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Social Classes
SECULAR KING NOBLES KNIGHTS MERCHANTSPROFESSI
ONALSCRAFTSMEN PEASANTS freemen serfs
ECCLESIASTICAL POPE CARDINALS (curia) BISHOPS
ABBOTS PRIESTS MONKS SUMMONERS
FRIARS PARDONERS NUNS PEASANTS lay brothers
and sisters serfs
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Manors plus castleManoralism plus Feudalism
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Medieval TownFunctional but not built for trade
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Similarities to the First Feudal Age

• Continuation of feudalism
• -- public authority in private hands
• Continued economic importance of manorialism
• Continued importance of feudal relationships
• Centrality of the church to medieval culture

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Differences from the First Feudal Age

• Reduction in Violence
• Agriculture Revolution
• Population Increase
• Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality
• Revival of Town Life
• Revival of Long-Distance Trade

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Reduction in Violence

• Magyars defeated in 955 and begin to settle in
  what will be Hungary
• Infighting among Muslims
• Vikings simply stop marauding and settle down
• Walls built around towns
• Dominance of Siege Warfare
• Church attempts to tame warfare
• -- peace of God
• -- truce of God

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Agricultural Revolution

• Improvement in Climate
• Population decline of previous centuries led to
  search for new technologies
• Introduction of new technologies
• Moldboard plow created manoralism
• arable land, meadow land, waste land, and the
  village
• Three field system
• Horse Harness
• Seed yield shoots up more food
• Population increases promoting town growth
• Tremendous search for more land
• Serfs become free peasants paying rent
• Agricultural specialization develops in regions

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Economic System and change from subsistence and
self-sufficiency to surplus and the beginning of
the Commercial Revolution

• Role of Agriculture in change

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Manorialism and the Common Land

• Lord controlled the land and serfs and peasants
  worked the land
• Three Field system allowed for great crop yield
  which in turn provided greater food sources and
  caused an increase in population PLUS SURPLUS
  over subsistence
• just enough food to survive and, if there was any
  food left over, they would then sell it at the
  village market. This system was known as
  subsistence farming.  
• In the next era they begin a system called the
  OPEN FIELD System
• Under the open-field system, a typical village
  would have three or sometimes four fields around
  it and a piece of common land that everyone could
  use. Each villager had thin strips of land in
  each field, which meant everyone had a piece of
  good land and a piece of bad land.  
• Each field was planted with a different crop
  every year. One might have wheat, a second barley
  and the last field lay fallow (empty) to allow
  the soil to recover its goodness, otherwise the
  soil's nutrients would be used up and produce a
  bad crop.  
• During winter, animals could graze on the fallow
  field so that manure would act as a fertiliser.
  Villagers needed to have land in all three fields
  because of the rotation cycle otherwise they
  would have had no crops every third year.  

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Open Field after fall of feudal system
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Inventions of change

• Moldboard
• Horse collar was in varied use in China prior to
  Qin dynasty
• Spread to Europe by 920 CE
• Soap from the Muslims brought to Europe by 9th
  Century and developed into hard soap by 12th
  century
• Canon 14th century
• Longbow late 13th century
• Stirrup from steppe regions in late 6th century
  and found in Carolinigan Empire
• Spurs used by Normans 10th Century
• Chimney in 12th century
• Rudder on ships
• Buttons in late 13th century
• Compass
• Either late 12th century in Europe or early 12th
  Century in China and could have been independent
  discovery
• Muslim world 13th century
• Started making charts and maps to match charts

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Time

• Liang Ling-Tsan ca. 725 AD, a Chinese engineer
  invented the mechanical escapement, a key device
  in all mechanical clocks.
• One of the most elaborate clock towers was built
  by Su Sung and his associates in 1088 A.D.
• European mechanical clocks appear in 1st half of
  14th century
• Time was no longer the providence of God and man
  now could control time for his profit
• Spring powered 1500-1510 in Nuremberg
• 1656 Dutch pendalum clock
• 16th century pocket watch (English) and late 18th
  century the wristwatch (Swiss)

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Agricultural Rev. in East Asia and its tributaries

• End of 14th century at the beginning of the Ming
  dynasty rice was remained the staple food for
  China.
• The use of terraces was introduced at the
  beginning of the 2nd millennium increased rice
  production but not enough to keep up with the
  needs
• The use of Champa rice from SE Asis produced much
  larger harvests.
• Champa rice could be grown in a little over half
  the growing season and although not as nutritious
  produced much larger harvests
• Along with this the Ming introduced crop rotation
  where fields would be in continuous production
• They also introduced irrigation pumps and began
  stocking rice paddies with fish (food source and
  also fertilized the rice)
• This allowed the peasant to begin to experiment
  with cash crops like cotton and clothing dyes and
  cane.
• Then Hong-wu's most aggressive agricultural
  project involved reforestation beginning in the
  1390's.
• Nanjing was reforested with 50 million trees in
  1391 these trees became the lumber that built
  the naval fleet put together by Yung-lo in the
  early 1400's.
• In 1392 and again in 1396, peasants were ordered
  to plant fruit trees in the provinces of Anhui,
  Hunan and Hupeh.
• All in all, over one billion trees were planted
  in this decade.
• This reforestation greatly replenished both the
  timber and the food supply.

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World Population Growth
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Population Increase

• Birth rate up and Death rate down
• European-wide Population explosion
• 1100 A.D. 42 million
• 1300 A.D. 72 million
• Regional Population Bursts
• No major famines or plagues between 1000-1200
  A.D.
• More People for Lords to tax

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Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality

• Aggressive approach to land reclamation
• Peasants given freedom in exchange for bringing
  land under cultivation
• The Crusades
• Urban II calls for first Crusade in 1095
• Varying motivations for participation
• History of the 8 Crusades and 2 Childrens
  Crusades
• Creation of Military Monastic Orders

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Revival of Town Life

• Origins of town development
• Struggle for autonomy with lords
• Origins of Communes
• Representative town government
• New class emerges
• Burgess or bourgeoisie
• Problems of overcrowding
• New institutions of guilds begin to influence
  daily life

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Revival of Town Life (cont.)

• Regulation of businesses
• Walls as psychological symbols
• Great differences in social classes
• Role of women in town life
• Begging, prostitution and law enforcement
• Professional geographic diversity
• Air pollution and water pollution
• Life inside of a town dwellers home

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Medieval Guilds

• Controlled life in the towns and began to control
  more than the lords as the towns grew in
  population
• Provided services to its members such as help for
  a widow or payment for funeral services
• Had health services and sort of a heath insurance
• Built schools and created an environment for more
  secular education
• Also built walls around city and served as
  policeman
• Raised troops and protected the city
• Established standardized weights and measures
• Medieval Guilds
• Merchant guilds
• Regulated prices
• just price theory
• Chief Commodities traded
• Regulation of Craft Fairs
• Craft guilds
• Prevented poor workmanship
• Prevented monopolies
• Protected trade secrets
• three levels of skill in the crafts
• apprentice

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Crest of Coopers Guild(barrel maker)
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Long-Distance Trade

• Craft Fairs as town entertainment
• Development of economic transactions
• Funding of Long-Distance Trade
• Development of Pre-Modern Banking system
• Balance of trade problems at first
• Alliance of towns with kings in the name of
  long-distance trade