THE RISE OF THE FRENCH PEOPLE TO THE NAPOLEONIC ERA

1

FRENCH REVOLUTION

• THE RISE OF THE FRENCH PEOPLE TO THE NAPOLEONIC
  ERA

2
French Revolution

• Middle Class Discontent (taxes)
• BURDEN FELL ON THOSE WHO WERE ALREADY STRUGGLING

3
FINANCIAL CRISIS

• American Revolution
• 1776-1781
• COST THE FRENCH LARGE AMOUNTS OF MONEY AND THEY
  WERE NOT BEING REPAID
• GAVE THEM IDEAS OF FREEDOM

4
Aristocracy

• Nobles refused to pay taxes.
• Estate system
• 1st Clergy
• 2nd Nobility

5

• 3rd Common (96 of population)
• 1st and 2nd Estates paid no taxes.

6

• 1st Clergy 1 of population
• 2nd Nobles 2 of population
• 3rd Everyone else 97 of population

7
The Enlightenment

• The ideas of Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau,
  Montesquieu began to spread throughout France

8
(No Transcript)
9
King Louis XVI

• Calls Estates General together to increase
  taxation
• They refuse the tax increase
• King orders them to disband

10

• King tries to arrest the leaders of the 3rd
  Estate
• The 3rd Estate moves to an indoor tennis court to
  meet.

11
Tennis Court Oath

• Estates General agrees not to separate until they
  have a written constitution

12
National Assembly

• This group becomes known as the National
  Assembly.

13
July 14, 1789

• Storming of the Bastille Prison in the center of
  Paris
• THIS STARTS THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
Declaration

• Declaration of the Rights of Man
• Aug. 27, 1789

17
Rights of Man

• Social and political order based on equality and
  ability.

18
Rights of Man

• Life, liberty, and Fraternity became rallying
  cry.
• Free enterprise and property.

19
Constitution of 1791

• The King is removed from the throne and power is
  spread among several groups attempting to take
  control.

20
King Louis XVI

• King and family held while the fighting for power
  begins
• The Kings Family tries to escape and are captured

21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
DEATH OF A KING
24
(No Transcript)
25
GUILLOTINE
26
MARIE ANTOINETTE
27
Jacobins

• Robespierre and the Reign of Terror
• 40,000 people mostly nobles executed.
• 1795 Robespierre is executed without a trial.

28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
The Directory

• Takes power from the Jacobins
• A group of 5 men led by Talleyrand
• Protected by Napoleon

32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
Napoleon

• Born on the island of Corsica 1769-1821
• A young Napoleon begins his rise to power.
• Wins fame at the Battle of Toulon.

35
The widespread notion of Napoleon's shortness
lies in the inaccurate translation of old French
feet ("pieds de roi") to English. The French
measure of five foot two (5' 2"), recorded at his
autopsy, actually translates into five feet six
and one half inches (5' 6.5") in English measure,
which was about the average height of the
Frenchman of his day. It is also probable that
the men of his Imperial Guard, with whom he "hung
out," were very tall, creating the illusion that
Napoleon was short.
36
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
37
Napoleon overthrows Directory

• 1802 Referendum declares Bonaparte consul for
  life
• Crowned Emperor of France. Civil code, later
  called Code Napoleon, introduced 1804
• Napoleon becomes EMPEROR of France
• The most dangerous moment comes with
  victory.  Napoleon Bonaparte

38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
Napoleon as Emperor

• Improves conditions in France
• Ends discrimination against the Jews
• Builds New roads and improves trade and travel
• Liberty Trees planted everywhere as a sign of
  prosperity

41
Napoleons Army

• Prussia
• Austria
• Spain
• Portugal
• Egypt

42
BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR

• Admiral Nelson British Naval Hero
• In the year 1805 the French and British navies
  battle it out for control of the seas
• Nelson, in his ship called Victory, defeats
  Franco-Spanish fleet under Villanueva in Battle
  of Trafalgar off the south-west coast of Spain,
  leaving Britain in command of the seas
• Britain did not lose a ship, while 18 enemy
  vessels were destroyed. Some 14,000 French and
  Spanish sailors were lost, ten times the British
  casualties.

43
(No Transcript)
44
NAPOLEON
45
NAPOLEONS EMPIRE
46

• Napoleon's Russian Campaign covers Napoleon's
  invasion of Russia in 1812. The invasion was the
  culmination of the deterioration of the
  French-Russian friendship which had been formed
  at Tilsit in 1807. Assembling a huge army of over
  600,000 men Napoleon embarked on perhaps the
  largest military campaign the world had known up
  to that time. While there were actions along much
  of the Russian frontier, the most significant
  action was in the center where Napoleon led the
  main army. Napoleon had intended to bring the
  Russians to battle in a matter of weeks. Months
  later Napoleon was fortunate to escape with a
  small remnant of his once Grande Amree

47
Invasion of Russia

• Left in June much to late
• No real confrontations
• Russian scorched earth policy Czar Alexander I
• Ignores Marshal Davout

48
(No Transcript)
49
NAPOLEON IN MOSCOW

• MAKES IT AS FAR AS MOSCOW, WHICH IS BURNED BY THE
  RUSSIANS
• IT IS HERE THAT HE WAITS TO LONG AND IN 1812
  THINGS TURN FOR THE WORST
• HIS RETREAT AND ULITMATE DEFEAT BEGINS HERE AND
  ENDS IN PARIS

50
Battle of Leipzig

• Oct. 1813 Napoleon is outflanked and defeated
• This is a stunning defeat for the French
• His retreat is one of epic disaster most all are
  killed or die off due to starvation and harsh
  weather

51
(No Transcript)
52
BATTLE OF LEIPZIG

• One of the most crucial battles took place at
  Leipzig, which became known as the Battle of
  Nations because of its size and the sheer numbers
  of troops that took part
• The army of France was set to take on those of
  Sweden, Russia, Austria and Prussia - in all some
  200,000 Frenchmen and allies, against almost
  400,000 enemy troops.
• On the 18th, the Allied commanders managed to
  coordinate their attacks and more than 350,000
  men simultaneously moved against the French.

53
RETREAT AFTER LEIPZIG
54
(No Transcript)
55
Alexander I

• The Czar of Russia leads an international
  military against the remnants of Napoleons Army
  and defeats him
• He rides through the streets of Paris the victor
  and Napoleon is arrested and exiled

56
Napoleon Exiled

• Sent to the island of Elba
• French people urge him to return and he does
• He raises an army of 280,000 men in 2 months
• faces almost 1,000,000 allies

57

• It was the first clash of the Titans - Napoleon
  Bonaparte versus the Duke of Wellington - and it
  was a win all/lose all scenario
• 1815 June. British under Wellington defeats
  Napoleon's armies at Waterloo after linking with
  Prussian forces at the last minute.
• The disintegration of a once-proud army into a
  mass of panicking men took place almost within a
  blink of an eye and Bonaparte's dreams, and
  reputation, lay shattered.

58
(No Transcript)
59
(No Transcript)
60
(No Transcript)
61
(No Transcript)
62
Battle of Waterloo

• In the end the numbers just were too
  insurmountable for the Emperor

63
WATERLOO
64
Napoleon on Napoleon

• I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order
  out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of
  birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished
  feudalism and restored equality to all regardless
  of religion and before the law. I fought the
  decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the
  alternative was the destruction of all this. I
  purified the Revolution.

65
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

• NAPOLEON WILL DIE OF A STOMACH PROBLEM (POSSIBLY
  ARSENIC POSIONING) IN 1821 ON THE ISLAND OF ST.
  HELENA
• GLORY IS FLEETING, BUT OBSCURITY IS FOREVER

66
EFFECTS OF NAPOLEON ON EUROPE

• COUNTRIES BORDERS ARE RECREATED
• BORDERS REDRAWN BY THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
• NATIONALISM SPREADS
• FEAR OF ANOTHER NAPOLEON DRIVES THE CREATION OF
  STONGER MILITARIES
• MODERN EUROPE IS BORN

67
The Revolution Ends

• Louis XVIII returns to the throne after Napoleon
  is defeated. France again in turmoil.
• France becomes a country like England with a King
  and a Parliament