Unit II: Making a New Republic Chapters 6 11

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Unit II Making a New Republic (Chapters 6 - 11)

• History 1301 US History Part I
• Dr. Carol A. Keller

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Unit II Making a New Republic (Chapters 6 - 11)

• Overview
• The American People the
• American Revolution
• Reshaping the Republic
• The Republic Launched
• The Jeffersonian Republic
• The Opening Of America
• The Rise of Democracy

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Learning Outcomes Revolution

• Understand the nature of 18th century warfare and
  be able to analyze the question, Will they fight?
• Be able to account for the difference between
  loyalists and revolutionaries why some
  Americans become loyalists or try to remain
  neutral during the revolutionary struggle.
• Comprehend the military strategy during the war,
  tracing the course of the conflict from north to
  south.
• Understand the significance of the British
  surrender at Saratoga and the consequences of
  French entry into the war
• Be able to describe the climate of opinion in
  these United States in 1783

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Global Events

• Global Rise in Population
• China 150 m. in 1700 / 331 m. in 1800
• Europe 118 m. to 187 m.
• Slavery Expands
• The Age of Revolutions
• Wars for Independence in English Spanish
  America
• French Revolution
• White Lotus Rebellion in China
• Slaves revolt in Haiti

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The American People the American
Revolution (6)

• Preview Would Americans actually fight for
  independence? Even after the Battle of Bunker
  Hill, the answer was not clear. But British
  victories in the North were countered by an
  American triumph at Saratoga, convincing the
  French to commit to a crucial alliance with the
  United States.
• The Highlights
• The Decision for Independence
• The Fighting in the North
• The Turning Point
• The Struggle in the South
• The World Turned Upside Down

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The American People the American Revolution (6)

• Eroding the Bonds of Empire
• The Boston Massacre
• The Boston Tea Party, 1773
• Continental Congress
• Lexington
• Concord
• (April, 1775)
• Independence ?

John Trumbell Declaration of Independence
4 July 1776
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The Decision for Independence

• The Second Continental Congress
• Drafted the Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)
  as a last-ditch effort at peace
• British aggressive response
• Governor Dunmore of Virginia offers freedom to
  any slaves who will fight for the British

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• The Declaration
• Thomas Jefferson, age 33, selected to write the
  explanation of Americas attempts at independence
• Blams George III, affirms government by consent
  of the people
• Declaration of Independence adopted, July 4, 1776
• American Loyalists
• Large pockets of loyalists, or tories, in the
  colonies seaboard areas parts of the
  backcountry

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The Fighting in the North

• Two Armies at Bay
• Washington faced a powerful foe in the British
  army
• Cobbled together the Continental regulars and
  colonial militias
• Trouble gaining enlistments
• times that try mens souls Thomas Paine
• Women of the Army were wives of poor soldiers
  who did support work in exchange for half-rations
• Laying Strategies
• British assumed rebellion could be quashed by
  focusing on Massachusetts resistance
• By 1776, British enlarged target to New England
• Problems in British military leadership William
  and Richard Howe

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• The Campaigns in New York and New Jersey
• Continental victories at Trenton Princeton
  spurred support for the rebellion

George Washington at Princeton
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• Capturing Philadelphia
• Summer 1777 British focus on Philadelphia
• Washingtons army defeated at Brandywine
  Germantown
• Even with British capture of the city in the fall
  of 1777, British conduct engendered hatred
• Disaster at Saratoga
• Just days after the capture of Philadelphia,
  Americans achieve most significant victory to
  that point of the war in New York
• Victory convinces France to help Americans

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The Turning Point

• The American Revolution Becomes a Global War
• Benjamin Franklin the key figure in strengthening
  the French-American alliance
• Winding Down the War in the North
• Winter of 1778 a low point for Continental Army
  at Valley Forge
• Series of army uprisings, 1779-81

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Washington Crossing the Delaware Emanuel
Leutze, Dusseldorf - 1850
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• War in the West
• Contest between the British Americans over
  Indian alliances
• Most tribes remained neutral
• The Home Front in the North
• Devastation from war continues to produce social,
  economic, and political problems
• Daughters of Liberty remain vigilant supporters
  of war effort

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The Struggle in the South
Between the autumn of 1778 and the summer of
1781, while Washington and his restless army
waited outside New York City, the British opened
another theater in the American war. Despite
their armed presence in the North, the British
had come to believe that their most vital aim was
to regain their colonies in the mainland South
(185).

• The Siege of Charleston
• British captures Savannah, Georgia in 1778
• Moved on to Charleston, which surrendered in 1780

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• The Partisan Struggle in the South
• The fall of Charleston energizes the loyalist
  movement on the frontier
• Rebels loyalists battle for the backcountry,
  brutal acts
• Major American defeat at Camden, S.C.
• Green Takes Command
• Defeated general at Camden, Horatio Gates,
  replaced by Nathaniel Greene
• Greene begins unconventional campaign against
  superior British forces
• Southern militia units stem the British advance
  northward

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The British also lost in the Carolinas because
they did not seek greater support from those
southerners who would have fought for liberty
with the BritishAfrican American slaves (189).

• African Americans in the Age of Revolution
• Black Americans make up 1/3 of southern
  population
• Dunmores offer of freedom in 1774 sparks white
  fears of slave rebellion never materializes
• African Americans seek liberty by fighting for
  both sides approximately 55,000 flee to freedom
  behind British lines to the North

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The World Turned Upside Down
Despite his losses in the Carolinas, Cornwallis
still believed that he could score a decisive
victory against the Continental Army. The theater
he chose for that showdown was the Chesapeake
(190).

• Surrender at Yorktown
• Cornwallis waits for British navy, does not
  arrive in time
• British surrounded by American French troops,
  French navy under De Grasse
• Cornwallis surrenders, October 19, 1781

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The World Turned Upside Down Republican
Challenge A new society ?

• The Significance of a Revolution
• American citizen-soldiers fought on their own
  terms
• The Continental Army, whose ranks were the
  poorest Americans, bore the brunt of the
  successful rebellion
• With the end of the war, what awaited the
  revolutionaries as they tried to build a nation?

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Keywords and Terms (6)

• Battle of Bunker Hill
• our lives, our fortunes, our sacred honor.
• Continental Army
• Battle of Princeton
• Valley Forge
• Battle of Saratoga
• loyalists
• Hessians

• Battle of Cowpens
• Battle of Yorktown
• General William Howe
• George Washington
• partisan war
• Charles, Lord Cornwallis
• General Nathaniel Greene
• Comte de Grasse
• Treaty of Paris, 1783