FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the worlds commercial energy

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FOSSIL FUELS 85 of the worldscommercial
energy
COAL
OIL
NATURAL GAS
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20 richest countries consume

• 50 of coal
• 80 of natural gas
• 65 of oil

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U.S. energy consumption


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COAL

Fossilized, condensed carbon-rich fuel

10 X reserves of oil/gas, last 200 years at
present rate
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Coal mines


Surface (strip) mine, Western U.S.
Underground (shaft) mine, Eastern U.S.
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Coal cheaper,but polluting

• Much Eastern U.S. coal has
• high-sulfur content,
• more expensive to mine
• Much Western U.S. coal has
• low-sulfur content,
• cheaper to mine
• But mining in semi-arid West
• more damaging to land.

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Heat value of coal types


Anthracite Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite
51 of U.S. use in coal
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Energy lost from coal


65 lost in power plants

• 10 lost on
• transmission lines
• (stray voltage)

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Effects on health

• Black Lung Disease
• (miners)
• Respiratory illnesses
• (public)

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Effects on land

• Coal sludge releases
• Hardpan at strip mines
• Mountaintop removal
• Huge water use
• Slurry pipelines

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Effects on air

• Greenhouse gases
• 3/4 sulfur dioxide
• 1/3 nitrogen oxides
• 1/2 carbon dioxide
• Toxics
• Mercury
• Uranium

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Acid rain


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Acidity of rain

• pH of 6.0
• Kills insects, crabs
• pH lt 5.0
• Kills fish, trees

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Sources of Nitrogen Oxides

• Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid
  rain
• Tall stacks deposit farther

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Coal scrubbers


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The future? Hydrogen fuel cells


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NATURAL GAS


Methane, other Gases in bedrock
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Advantages of natural gas

• Cleaner to burn
• Half as much CO2 as coal
• More efficient
• 10 energy lost
• 60-year supply at current rates

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Disadvantages of natural gas

• Difficult to transport
• Pipelines
• Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers
• Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted
• Methane bed drilling pollutes

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OIL (PETROLEUM)


Buried organic matter rich in hydrocarbons
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Oil Consumption by Sector (1998)
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Proven oil reserves

• 465 billion barrels consumed
• 1 trillion barrels left
• 22 billion consumed a year
• 45 years to go! Party now!

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Global Oil Production for Resources of 1800,
2200, and 2600 Billion Barrels
2600
2200
1800
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Distribution of Estimates of Ultimately
Recoverable World Crude Oil (1975-1993)
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World Crude Oil Production
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World Crude Oil Prices(economic crises in oil
states)
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Global trends in oil

• Growing use in China (10/year)
• Japan, Europe depend on Mideast
• New reserves around Caspian Sea
• Nearly size of Saudi Arabia
• Increasing source of major wars, human rights
  abuses

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Kuwait oil well fires, 1991
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Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea
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Oil natural gas pipelines
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U.S. trends in oil

• Diverse sources (not Mideast)
• Venezuela, Nigeria, etc.
• Opening domestic sources
• Alaska controversy
• Polluting technologies?
• Oil shale extraction
• Synthetic fuels (coal-to-oil)

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Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989


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Attempts tocontain spill


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Clean-up efforts


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Prince William Sound fishing industry damaged


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Oil in Ecuador

• Ecuador 2nd largest S. America producer
• 70 of exports
• Drilling in Amazon rainforest

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Opposition to oil companies

• Construction of roads, pipelines on Indian lands
• Displacement of Indians,
• deforestation
• Oil leaks into rivers larger than Valdez spill

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Ecuador Indian occupations


Texaco withdrew 1992, Arco met demands
Lawsuit against Texaco in U.S. courts, 1999
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Oil in Nigeria


Largest producer in Africa, mainly In Niger Delta
Nigeria had military governments in 1990s
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Environmental problemsin Niger Delta region


Homeland of Ogoni, Ijaw groups
Gas flaring hazards
Oil spills in mangrove swamp
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Ogoni environmental protests


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Oil companies collude with military


Shell Oil pays, transports soldiers
Many Ogoni killed by military
Ogoni leader Dr. Ken Saro-Wiwa executed in 1995
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Nigerian women protest, 2002


Ijaw women occupy Chevron oil docks
Protest against pollution, lack of local jobs
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Websites on oil industryand global opposition


Rainforest Action Network http//www.ran.org Proj
ect Underground http//www.moles.org