Chapter Eleven

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Chapter Eleven

• The School Years
• Biosocial

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Size and Shape

• Variations in Physiques
• Malnutrition, genetic factors, maturation
• Physical development affect friendships which are
  partially based on physical appearance and
  competence

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• Childhood Obesity
• Obesity 20 overweight for height
• 10 of American children qualify
• Physical and medical problem
• Help for overweight children

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• Causes of Obesity
• Heredity
• Activity level
• Quantity of food eaten
• Types of food eaten
• Attitude toward food
• Overfeeding in infancy and late childhood
• Television viewing

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• Repeated dieting
• Precipitating event
• Physiological problems

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• Variations in Health
• Individual variations
• Children aware, health differentiations can cause
  problems
• Requirement of school performance can point out
  noted impediments

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Skill Development

• Motor Skills
• Rapid growth rate leads to more skill at
  controlling their bodies
• Brain maturation is a key factor ?? reaction time
• Older child has better reaction time than younger
  child

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• Gender
• Boys and girls in physical abilities during
  these years
• Boys have advantage in sports like baseball
• Girls have advantage in sports like gymnastics

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• Culture
• 3 hrs./wk PE in France and Switzerland
• 1 1/2 hr./wk PE in US
• 1 hr/wk in England or Ireland

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• Genetic and Individual and age differences come
  into play
• Height
• Upper body strength
• Coordination of body movements

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• Intellectual Skills
• Achievement measures how much learned in a
  specific area
• Aptitude measures potential accomplishment
• IQ test aptitude test to measure intelligence

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• Problems with IQ tests
• does not consider rate of development, culture,
  family, school, genes
• difficult to measure potential without
  achievement

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Children with Special Needs

• Defined child who requires particular
  accommodations in order to learn
• physical, social or intellectual

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• Developmental Psychopathology normal
  developmental knowledge applied to study and
  treatment of psychological disorders
• Abnormality is normal
• Disability Changes over time
• Adulthood can be better or worse
• Diagnosis depends on social context

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• Autism
• inability to relate in ordinary ways to other
  people
• Asperger syndrome highly functional autistic
• good communication, poor social perceptions
• Deficiencies appear in
• communication ability
• social skills
• imaginative play

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• In later childhood may lack
• theory of mind
• emotional regulation

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Learning Disabilities

• Defined as a failing that is attributable to a
  specific physical handicap or lack of basic
  education
• Dyslexia ? reading disability
• Dyscalcula ? great difficulty with math

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• Causes
• Prenatal factors ? teratogens exposure to
  toxins
• Genetic inheritance
• Learning-disabled child needs to be identified
  and given help

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• Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• ADHD Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• Lack of concentration is accompanied by
  excitability, impulsivity, need to be active
• Easily frustrated and quick-tempered

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• Related Problems
• ADD great difficulty in concentrating for more
  that a few moments at a time
• ADHDA ADHD children prone to aggression
• Oppositional Disorder
• Conduct Disorder

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• Help for children with ADHD
• Drugs ? drugs with reverse affect
• Psychological therapy ? help child and families
  cope with problem
• Structure of classroom
• Too rigid or too loose a structure harmful
• Structure with flexibility helpful

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• Conclusion
• All special needs children can benefit from early
  diagnosis and schooling techniques
• Children can avoid other problems and become a
  normally functioning adult