Protecting Those Who Protect US

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InterAgency Board for Equipment Standardization
Interoperability
Homeland Security 3rd Annual Terrorism
Preparedness And Response Conference Personal
Protective Operational Equipment Subgroup
Update Presented by Battalion Chief Ron
Watson Los Angeles County Fire Department Bill
Haskell U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center National
Protection Center
Protecting Those Who Protect US
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Why Chem-Bio Terrorism

• Mass casualties
• Psychological impact
• Disrupt normal functions of society
• Economic impact
• Loss of faith in government
• Loss of faith in emergency response system

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BW Attack Considerations

• Center for Disease Control and Prevention
• Top Agents
• Variola major (Smallpox)
• Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
• Yersinia pestis (Plague)
• Clostridium botulinum toxin (Botulism)
• Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
• Filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg HF)
• Arenaviruses (Lassa, Machupo)
• Staphlyococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)

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Chemical Warfare Agents

• Choking Agents
• Phosgene (CG)

• Blood Agents
• Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
• Cyanogen Chloride (CK)

• Nerve Agents
• Sarin (GB)
• Soman (GD)
• VX

• Blister Agents
• Mustard (HD, HN-1, HN-2)

Protecting Those Who Protect US
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Toxic Industrial Compounds

• Industrial chemicals
• Chlorine
• Hydrogen cyanide
• Phosgene
• All are common industrial compounds
• All can either be purchased, stolen or easily
  made
• Most likely form of chemical terrorism
• Higher probability of occurrence, lower level of
  impact

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The PPE System

External Environment
Internal Environment

• Hazard Type
• - Volatility, vapor density
• - Chemical/biological
• Location
• - Inside/outside
• Meteorological conditions
• Nature of Dispersion
• Device
• Amount of Hazard
• Physical State

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Spectrum of Threats to Military Public
Safety Professionals

• Ballistic
• Explosives
• Fire/thermal flash
• Laser (to eye)
• Hazardous materials
• Stabbing
• Weapons of mass destruction
• Hearing protection
• Blunt trauma
• Extreme environment/climate conditions

Protecting Those Who Protect US
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WEH III
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U.S. Army SBCCOM Improved Response Program
(IRP) Department of Justice - Office for Justice
Programs
Law Enforcement Officers Guide for Responding to
Chemical Terrorist Incidents January 2003 Dr.
Paul Fedele 410-436-2962
SBCCOM Homeland Defense Business
Unit http//hld.sbccom.army.mil
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Law Enforcement Officers (LEOs) Guide

• PURPOSE Provide Law Enforcement Officers (LEO)
  Quick Reference Guide
• ASSUMPTIONS
• LEOs are trained at a minimum to
  chemical/biological
• agent awareness level
• LOEs are equipped with levels of personal
  protective equipment (PPE) referenced in
  this guide
• LEOs are properly trained in the use and
  limitations of their PPE
• PPE is properly maintained and serviceable

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Law Enforcement Officers Guide for Responding to
Chemical Terrorist Incidents
Law Enforcement Officers Guide for Responding to
Chemical Terrorist Incidents

• Indicators of a Chemical Incident
• - 911 Calls - On-Scene Indicators
• - Dissemination Devices - Civilians/Officers
  Down
• First Priority Should be Self-Protection!!
• - Dispatchers Role - Automatic Notifications
• - Approach to Scene - Numbers for Assistance
• - Define Perimeter - Scene Control
• - Staging Area - Decontamination
• - Secondary Devices

Primary Issue is PPE Selection/Use and Guide
References EPA/OSHA Level A, B, C D
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Equipment for Emergency Responders
What Standards Exist for Responders?
What equipment is best to use?
Great Progress in PPE Standards Has Been Made!!
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Personal Protection Operational Equipment
Subgroup PPOE

• Team responsible for addressing personal
  protective clothing and
• equipment (PPE) performance criteria and
  establishing the priority for
• PPE certification standards development
• Partnership with PPOE Subgroup Includes
• National Institute for Standards Technology
• Office for Law Enforcement Standards
  (NIST-OLES)
• Department of Defense (Army RDECOM (ECBC
  NSC)
• National Institute for Occupational Safety
  Health (NIOSH)
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
• Oklahoma City Memorial Institute for the
  Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT)
• Army Center for Health Promotion and
  Preventative Medicine (CHPPM)
• Emergency Responder Public Safety Professional
  Organizations
• (including IAFF, IAFC and IACP)
• Occupational Safety Health Administration
  (OSHA)
• Department for Homeland Security (DHS)

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Personal Protective Operational Equipment
(PPOE) Subgroup
Members
Armando Bevelacqua Orlando
(FL) Fire Department Bill Chandler Hennepin
Sheriffs Office, National Sheriffs
Association Wayne Davis US Army PEO NBC
Defense Richard Duffy International Association
of Fire Fighters John Hancock U.S. Department
of Veteran Affairs Jim Hanzalik U.S. Coast
Guard National Strike Force Bill Haskell U.S.
Army RDECOM, Natick Soldier Center/NPC Eric Imhof
Contra Costa County (CA) , Office for Emergency
Services Glenn Jirka Peter Laporte Washington
D.C. Emergency Management Agency NEMA Scott
Larson Minneapolis Police Department,
NBSCAB Jeff Marcus Los Angeles City Fire
Department Phil Mattson National Institute for
Standards Technology OLES Ron Olin Lawrence
(KA) Police Department Richard Reddy Boise (ID)
Fire Department Irene Richardson U.S. Army
CHPPM Jeff Stull International Personnel
Protection Bruce Teele National Fire
Protection Association Ron Watson Los Angeles
County Fire Department Doug Wolfe Sarasota
County (FL) Fire Department
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PPOE Subgroup Technology Equipment Challenges
- 2003

• PROTECTIVE ENSEMBLES (GARMENTS, BOOTS GLOVES)
• Enhanced Fire Fighter Emergency Services
• Protective Ensembles
• Improved protection to thermal hazards
• Decreased weight bulk
• Enhanced breathability manage heat stress
• Integrated multi hazard/threat protection
  including Chem, Bio Rad (CBR)
• Better Fit, Form Function (Bio-Mechanics
• 
  Anthropometrics)

IAB Annual Report 2002 http//www.iab.gov
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PPOE Subgroup Technology Equipment Challenges
- 2003

• Personal Cooling Systems for Emergency Responders
• Lightweight
• Two hours or more cooling duration
• Low power requirements
• NFPA 1994 Certified Ensembles for Emergency
  Services
• Class 1, 2 and 3 (more, more more!)

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• PROTECTIVE ENSEMBLES CONTINUED
• Bomb Squad Technician Protective Ensembles
• Performance Criteria Certification Standard
• Integrated multi-hazard threat protection
  (CBR)
• New fibers materials to decrease ensemble
  weight
• increase fragment protection
• Enhanced Urban Search Rescue (USR) Ensembles
• Multi-hazard threat protection including CBR
• Breathability for heat stress management during
• extended operations
• Improved footwear for extended operations

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PPOE Subgroup Technology Equipment Challenges
- 2003

• Protective Glove Systems _- All Areas of Response
• Improved dexterity
• Improved durability
• Multi-hazard and threat protection including
  CBRN

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PPOE Subgroup Technology Equipment Challenges
- 2003

• RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGIES
• Multi-Functional Respiratory Protective Equipment
  NIOSH Certified
• Combination Systems SCBA Air Purifying
  Respirators
• Multi-Purpose APR Filter Canisters NIOSH
  Certified
• Chemical warfare agents (CWA), toxic industrial
  chemical (TICs),
• biological threats, and radiological threats
  (NIOSH Certified)
• Reduced breathing resistance enhanced mission
  duration
• NIOSH - CBRN Certified SCBA, PAPRs, APRs and
  Escape Masks

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PPOE Subgroup Technology Equipment Challenges
- 2003

• EMERGENCY RESPONDER TECHNOLOGIES
• Integrated Physiological Status Monitoring
  Equipment Sensors
• Integrated Location Tracking Systems for
  Emergency Services
• Integrated Hands Free, Lightweight, Affordable
  Personal
• Communications (Intra-Squad Inter-Squad)
• Consolidated Reference Documents, Information
  Sources, and
• Decision Tools that are PDA Formatted
  Website Accessible
• Wearable Situational Awareness Technologies and
  Equipment -
• integrated displays and wearable computer
  systems

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National Technology Transfer Center
NTTC Emergency Response Technology Program - ERTP

• Emergency Responder Equipment Technology
• Priorities
• Biological Detection Systems (Hand Held
  Standoff)
• Individual Personal Alarm Monitor (Chem/Bio
  TICs)
• Location Tracking Physiological Status Monitor
• Casualty Locations Assessment System
• Extended Mission Reduce Weight Air Supply
  Respirators

http//www.nttc.edu/ertProgram/about.asp
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National Technology Transfer Center
NTTC Emergency Response Technology Program - ERTP

• Non-Toxic Decontamination Agents
• Multi-Functional Duty Uniform
• Casualty/Patient Care Data Monitoring System
• Building Facility Emergency Responder
  Information Tool
• Approaching Traffic Warning Device for Emergency
  Vehicles
• Reinforced Concrete Breaching/Cutting Tool

http//www.nttc.edu/ertProgram/about.asp
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IAB - Standard Equipment List (SEL) http//www.iab
.gov

• SEL Purpose Provide guidelines to emergency
  responders in
• identifying, selecting and acquiring WMD response
  equipment
• SEL proposes interoperability and standardization
  amount local/state
• emergency responders and federal/military
  organizations
• SEL Categories
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Operational Equipment (OE)
• InterOperable Communications Information
  Systems (ICIS)
• Detection Decontamination (DD)
• Medical

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PPE Selection Process Issues for Consideration

• PPE selection must be based on hazards and
  risks
• Traditional EPA/OSHA Levels A, B C do not
  provide
• minimum protective performance criteria for
  WMD
• personal protective ensembles
• The PPE selection process for local/state
  emergency
• responders must be simplified!
• The IAB Standard Equipment List (SEL) has
  developed a
• simplified process for threat
  identification, PPE selection
• and performance specification guidance for
  acquisition

PPOE Subgroup has developed a process to assist
Responders!
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SEL Personal Protective Equipment Section 1.2 -
Explanation of Hazards
Hazard Categories Definitions to Aid in PPE
Selection Process Unknown Environment Threat
type and level has not been identified Chemical
Vapor/Gas Chemical warfare agent of industrial
chemical
(high level above 1000 PPM)
(low level below 1000
PPM) Chemical Aerosol Suspension of fine
liquid droplets in air
(examples are Sarin GB and Mustard
HD) Chemical Liquid Chemical warfare or
industrial chemicals
(exposure by splash or contaminated surface)
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SEL Personal Protective Equipment Section 1.2 -
Explanation of Hazards
Chemical Particulates Solid particles or dust
in air (example, cyanide as CN) Biological
Air-Borne Microorganisms spread in aerosols
(airborne
respiratory threat)
(dermal/skin contact threat) (examples
include Smallpox and Ricin) Biological
Liquid-Borne Microorganisms spread by blood,
body fluids, and other
contaminated liquids (examples include
Plague and Ebola)
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SEL Personal Protective Equipment Section 1.2 -
Explanation of Hazards
Biological Particulate Microorganisms spread as
particles in air
(example is
Anthrax) Radiological Particulate/Liquid Alpha
Beta ionizing radiation
spread by particles
suspended in
air or
liquids Radiological Penetrating Gamma and
X-Ray ionizing radiation
that has no mass associated with
exposure Emergency Response Agency must conduct
risk/hazard assessment
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PPE Selection Process Hazards-Standards Table SEL
Personal Protective Equipment Section
PPE Nationally Recognized Performance Standards
Top Row Respiratory Protective Equipment NIOSH
CBRN Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA) NIOSH CBRN Air-Purifying Respirator
(APR) NIOSH CBRN Power Air-Purifying Respirator
(PAPR Pending) Protective Ensembles (garments,
boots gloves) NFPA 1994 Class 1 Ensemble NFPA
1994 Class 2 Ensemble NFPA 1994 Class 3
Ensemble NFPA 1991 Ensemble with Optional
Chem/Bio Terrorism Protection Explosive Ordnance
Disposal Military Performance Specification
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Summary of PPE Performance Requirements Respirator
y Protective Equipment
NIOSH Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus with
CBRN Approval 1st) OSHA/NIOSH CFR Part 84
Certified 2nd) NFPA 1981 Standard for Open
Circuit SCBA Certified 3rd) NIOSH CBRN SCBA
Certified Highest level of WMD threat
respiratory protection for unknown environments
or atmospheres at or above IDLH Levels
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Summary of PPE Performance Requirements Respirator
y Protective Equipment
NIOSH Air-Purifying Respirator (APR) with CBRN
Approval Full Facepiece, Negative Pressure
Respirators (Mask Canisters) 1st)
OSHA/NIOSH CFR Part 84 Certified 2nd) NIOSH
CBRN Air-Purifying Respirator (APR)
Respirators (masks filter canisters) provide
protection against Multiple chemical, biological
and radiological hazard protection at levels
below Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health
(IDLH)
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Summary of Ensemble Performance Requirements

• NFPA 1994 Standard for Protective
  Ensembles for Chemical
• and Biological Terrorism
  Incidents, 2001 Edition.
• NFPA 1994 Class 1 Ensembles (Highest Level of
  Protection)
• Chemical and biological threat protection were
  substance and/or
• concentration is unknown and toxicity in not
  verified
• Threat could be gas, vapors, aerosols, liquids
  or particulates
• No skin contact is permitted
• Persistency of the threat is high
• Responder is close to point of release in time
  and distance
• Most victims in response area are dead of
  showing serious signs
• and symptoms
• Ensemble must be used with Self-Contained
  Breathing Apparatus

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Summary of Ensemble Performance Requirements

• NFPA Class 2 Ensembles (Intermediate Levels of
  Protection)
• Protection against dilute chemical or biological
  threat levels at IDLH
• and the type of threat and concentration levels
  are known
• Defined protection criteria for chemical warfare
  agents, industrial
• chemicals with limited inward leakage of
  gases, vapors and liquids
• Provide moderate levels of physical protection
  durability
• Skin contact with substance is not probable
• Persist of threat is moderate
• Majority of victims are alive, but
  non-ambulatory
• Responders separated from point of release by
  time and distance
• Ensemble must be used with Self-Contained
  Breathing Apparatus

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Summary of PPE Performance Requirements

• NFPA 1994 Class 3 Ensembles Encapsulating or
  non-encapsulating,
• minimum level of protection.
• Protection in environments where concentration
  of threat is at
• or below Short-Term Exposure Limits (STEL)
• Skin contact is not likely
• Majority of victims are ambulatory and self
  evacuating
• Limited inward leakage of liquids
• Contamination occurs in the form of liquid
  droplets, and no expected
• exposure to gases, vapors and aerosols
• Respiratory Protection by CBRN SCBA, PAPR APR

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Summary of PPE Performance Requirements

• NFPA 1991 Totally Encapsulated, Vapor Tight
  Ensemble with
• Optional Chemical/Biological Terrorism Protection
  Not expected
• for use by Law Enforcement Community unless
  specially trained.
• Normally a Fire Service Hazmat Response
  Protective Ensemble
• Other Emergency Responders Protective Ensemble
  Standards
• NFPA 1951 Urban Search Rescue (USR)
• NFPA 1971 Structural Fire Fighting
• NFPA 1976 Proximity Fire Fighting (Radiant Heat)
• NFPA 1999 Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Blood
  borne
• Pathogens with no respiratory
  protection.

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PPE Selection for Emergency Responders

• The complexities of the selection process can be
  overwhelming
• Emergency response professional should interact
  with fire
• and hazmat services in conducting hazard/risk
  analysis
• The IAB Standard Equipment List (SEL)- Personal
  Protective
• Equipment Section provides a User friendly
  process and tool for
• Responders for defining WMD hazard protection
  categories and
• then ties to nationally recognized performance
  standards
• The performance criteria and certification
  standards should be
• used in development of procurement specifications
  to industry

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• The Oklahoma City National Memorial Institute for
  
• the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT)
• Project Responder
• Responder Knowledge Base
• Emergency Responders Needs, Goals, and
  Priorities
• National Technology Response Objectives (NTROs)
• Personal Protection
• Detection, Identification, and Assessment
• Unified Incident Command Decision Support
• Interoperable Communications
• Response Recovery

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Major Issue with IAB and PPOE Subgroup Marketing
and Sale of Non-Compliant Ensembles IAB is
based on development and application of
performance Criteria and federal/consensus
standards Concurrence and Support is Requested
from DHS OSHA Recommendation Federal
Government Agencies Controlling WMD
Grant Funding to Local/State Agencies
Should Restrict Procurement to
Certified Equipment Only

Personal Protection Operational Equipment
Subgroup
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Guidelines for Incident Commanders Use
of Firefighter Protective Ensemble (FFPE)
with Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA) for Rescue Operations During a
Terrorism Chemical Agent Incident August 1999

• Standard Turnout Gear with SCBA Nerve Agent
  Vapor,
• Known Live Victims, 30 Minute Rescue Time
• Self-Taped Turnout Gear with SCBA Unknown
  Nerve
• Agent Environment, 3 Minute Search for Live
  Victims

3/30 Rule
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Reassessment of the 3/30 Options http//hld.sbccom
.army.mil
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Bomb Suit Performance Criteria Standard

• Leverage Military Advance Bomb Suit (ABS) ORD
• Weight reduced and improved distribution
• Blast Overpressure attenuation Lungs and GI
  tract
• Improved impact protection for head
• Spinal cord Impact protection
• Compatibility with body cooling system and
  Soldier Intercom
• Increased fragmentation protection for the
  upper
• leg/groin, abdomen, chest, neck, and face

• Office for Domestic Preparedness
• NIJ Office for Science Technology
• NIST Office for Law Enforcement Standards
  (OLES)
• User Representatives National Bomb Squad
  Commanders Advisory Board
• Technical Natick Soldier Center-NPC
  PM-Soldier Equipment

Personal Protection Operational Equipment
Subgroup Initiative
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Science behind the Warrior
U.S. Army Soldier Systems Center
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Law Enforcement Helmets
Personnel Armor System Ground Troops (PASGT)
Helmet
Modular/Integrated Communications Helmet (MICH)
Law Enforcement/Corrections Tactical Uniform
Systems (LECTUS)
Advanced Law Enforcement System
Ballistic and impact protection Communications
capable Accepts external hardware/sensors
Situational Awareness Sensor fusion
Ballistic, Impact, Environmental Protection
Biometric Network Sensor Linkage
Phased building approach utilizing modular
concepts Technology Leveraging for Dual Use
Protecting Those Who Protect US
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Locator System Generic Concept
Personnel Unit
Reference Unit, known location
Phys Monitor
Reference Unit, known location
GPS ReferencePositioning SignalSystem
ControlUser-Commander Link
Reference Unit, known location
Command and Control Unit Safety Officer
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Selectively Permeable Protective Garment
Technology

• Field Evaluations for fit, form function will
  Include
• FEMA USR Team
• Boston EMS FD
• Oklahoma City Emergency Management Agency
• (Bomb Techs, Hazmat, EMS)
• National Guard Civilian Support Teams (CST)
• LA County Sheriffs Department
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Memorial Institute for the Prevention of
Terrorism (MIPT) Funding Support
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U.S. Army Medical Research Materiel Command
Protecting Those Who Protect US
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WEH III
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Warfighter Physiological Status Monitoring
Medic
EMPLOYMENT CONCEPT

• monitor health state
• casualty detection/
• location
• remote triage

Commander
Physiologic Information

• physical/mental
• performance levels
• performance
• prediction
• impending
• casualty

Aggregate for Unit Status
Individual Warfighter Status

• Force Health
• Survivability
• Lethality
• Logistics

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U.S. Army Medical Research Materiel Command
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Acoustic Physiological Monitoring
Sensors
Neck-strap or built into collar
Wrist-watch or sleeve cuff
Headband, pad, or chin-strap
Army Research Laboratory Attach to current
equipment or design into future hardware
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Protective Ensemble Characterization Human
Performance Modeling
U.S. Army Medical Research Materiel Command
Protecting Those Who Protect US
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Personal Cooling Systems Performance Criteria
Standard Management of Heat Stress
Natick Soldier Center Special Operations Forces
Team National Protection Center Navy Clothing
Textiles Research Facility Memorial Institute
for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT)
Protecting Those Who Protect US
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Protecting Those Who Protect US
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WEH III
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Future Warrior Capabilities Concept

• Outerlayer Capabilities
• Signature Reduction (SR)
• Active CB Decontamination
• Textile Embedded Sensors
• Conductive Fiber Network
• Antenna
• Combat ID

• Underlayer Capabilities
• Physiological Status Monitoring (PSM)
• Conductive Fiber Network
• Heat Dissipation
• Anti-microbial

• Textile Requirements
• Fiber Composites/Coatings for
  Multiwavelength SR
• Functionalized Membranes/ Shell Fabrics for
  Active Decon
• Textile Connectors for Sensors
• Fiber/Fabric Integrated Antenna
• Unique Textile Signature for Combat ID

• Textile Requirements
• Textile Connectors for PSM Sensors
• Elastomeric Conducting Fibers
• Temperature Reactive Porosity
• Anti-microbial Fibers

Protecting Those Who Protect US
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Transforming the Homeland
HEROES
IAFF
LECTUS
Interoperable, Human Centric Responder
Safe, Effective, Responsive, Agile A safer
rescuer for a safer AMERICA
Protecting Those Who Protect US
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