Biology 105

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Diversity Animalia

• Biology 105
• 27-Aug-09

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Outline

• Common features of animals
• Within - taxon species diversity
• Other kinds of diversity
• Feeding mode
• Habitat
• Reproductive strategy

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Features of Animalia

• Heterotrophic
• Mobile
• Multi-celluar
• Symmetry (bilateral or radial)
• Sexual reproduction
• Nervous system
• All other features of living organisms

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Levels of Organization
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Six Top Animal Groupsby Numbers of Species
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All Animals are Heterotrophs

• Eating provides energy for
• growth
• maintenance
• Reproduction
• Carbon-based compounds
• sugars

• Eating provides nutrients
• Necessary for proper functioning of body
  chemistry
• Building blocks for molecules
• Examples
• Amino acids
• iron

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How much to eat?

• Elephant
• Large body size
• food has low concentrations of nutrients
• food hard to digest

• Shrew
• small,body size
• Food has high energy and nutrient content
• BUT have high metabolic rate

Food intake to prep for migration, reproduction,
dormancy
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Diversity of Feeding Types

• What you eat
• How you eat it
• Whether you eat anything else

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Specialists

• Vampire bats feed on only mammalian or avian
  blood
• Monarch butterfly larvae eat only milkweed leaves

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Generalists

• Generalist
• Great horned owls eat a variety of small mammals
  and birds
• Howler monkeys eat leaves from many species of
  trees

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Selective Generalists

• No animal eats everything
• Howler monkeys eat only young leaves, avoid
  certain species altogether
• Generalists avoid toxins by eating just a small
  amount of a lot of different things.
• Diet breadth may vary seasonally, with age

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Whats eaten?Defines Trophic Level

• Consumer
• First level
• Second level
• Third level
• Scavenger

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Filter-feeding

• Straining of small aquatic organisms from water
• Examples
• Baleen whales
• Flamingos
• Tadpoles
• Many fish
• Many invertebrates

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Characteristics of filter-feeding

• Process large volumes of water to get enough food

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Structures Used to Filter

• Baleen whales
• Nets invertebrates
• Gill rakers fish
• Ridged bills dabbling ducks, flamingoes

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Detritus-feeding and scavenging

• Feeding on dead or decaying material
• Examples in all taxa
• Relatively non-selective feeders
• Feeding structures not highly specialized
• Recyclers of food webs

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Detritus-feeding

• Feed on organic debris
• Small food objects
• Carp structures
• Fleshy lips
• Mouth on ventral side

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Detritus-feeders excrement specialists

• Dung beetles
• Strong forelegs roll dung ball
• Highly developed olfactory sense
• Trouble in Australia

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Scavengers Vultures

• Feed on carrion
• Structures
• Strong beak and claws
• Olfactory sense
• Unfeathered head

California condor
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Scavengers Burying beetles

• Carrion feeders
• Structures
• Strong mouthparts and forelegs used for digging
  and dragging

American burying beetle
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Parasitism

• Deriving food (energy nutrients) from a living
  organism
• Parasite lives in or on host
• Widespread (examples in all taxa)
• Usually does not kill host initially

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Parasitism

• South American catfish candiru
• Normally live inside gill chambers of other fish
• Nibble gills and blood
• Mistakes made!

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Parasitic wasps or parasitoids

• Female lays eggs in or on the body of another
  insect
• Eggs hatch, parasite wasp larvae feeds on
  caterpillar tissue
• Usually kills host

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Herbivory

• Feeding on living plant material
• Like parasitism usually does not kill host
• Found in almost all taxa
• Specialized structures for finding, ingesting,
  and processing plant food

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Ways to Eat a Tree

• Leaves
• leaf blade, leaf mining
• Flowers
• pollen and nectar
• Fruits and seeds
• Stems
• sap
• Wood
• Roots
• chewing, boring, sap feeding

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Leaf-feeding

• Large animals may feed on entire leaf
• Small animals feed on only part of leaf
• (miners (slide)
• Skeletonizers (slide)
• Not all leaves are equal
• Butterflies and host plants
• Selectivity by howler monkeys

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Butterflies and their host plants

• Butterfly larvae are usually highly specialized
• Females seek out one or several related species
  of plants
• California butterfly host plants

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California Sister Butterfly(Adelpha bredowii)

• Species description from USFWS

Caterpillar host plants are evergreen oaks
T. W. Davies, California Academy of Sciences
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Howler monkey selective feeding rules

• More common tree species fed on least
• Refused most individual trees
• 12 out of 149 specimens of one species
• Preferred scarce, new leaves
• Howler teeth

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Specialized structures for leaf-feeding

• Biting structure grinding surface
• Teeth of vertebrate herbivores
• Incisors for nipping off leaves
• Molars for grinding
• Grasshopper mandibles

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Structures for digesting leaves

• High content indigestible material
• Toxins
• Fiber
• Vertebrates
• Multi-chamber stomach
• Long small intestines
• Intestinal flora
• Insects
• Adaptation to toxins in leaves

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Feeding on Pollen and Nectar
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Granivores eat seeds-- rich in fats and proteins

• Cone-shaped bills aid in cracking seeds

• Hard ridges on mamalian teeth help grind seeds.

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Frugivores fruit-eatersFruit is high in sugars,
low in protein

• Total frugivory uncommon
• Specialized gut enables rapid passage

Cedar Waxwing
Glenn Vargas, California Academy of Sciences
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Seasonal Frugivoryfruit eaten during certain
times of year (usually non-breeding season)
American Robin Animal Diversity Web
Western Tanager Lloyd Ingles California Academy
of Sciences
Channel-billed Toucan John Tashjian California
Academy of Sciences
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Ways to be Carnivorous, e.g. preying on animals
piscivore
insectivore
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Two kinds of hunters

• Sit and wait predator
• Mohave Green Rattlesnake

Vargas, California Academy of Sciences

• Active forager
• Western Yellow-bellied Racer

California Academy of Sciences
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Adaptations for fish-eating Search methods

• Long legged wader
• Walks slowly looking into water for prey

Brown Pelican Ingles, Cal. Acad. Sciences

• Cruises above water surface
• Spots prey from above

Great Blue Heron Corsi, Cal. Acad. Sciences
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Adaptations for fish-eating2. Capturing fish
Grizzly bear uses paw as scoop Corsi, Cal. Acad.
Sci.
Matamata turtle uses gape and suck White, Cal.
Acad. Sci.
Another example Angler fish
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Adaptations for fish-eating3. Structures

• Fishing cat
• Prionailurus viverrinus
• large paws
• claws partially retract
• strong swimmer

• Piscivorous birds
• bills narrow and pointed
• bills hooked or serrated
• use inertial feeding

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Adaptations to insectivorous diet

• pincer-like beak
• holds onto branch tips

Prothnotary Warbler Spaulding, Cal. Acad. Sci.

• pincer-like beak
• agile flight

• cushioned head
• strong beak
• grasping toes

Brown-crested Flycatcher Patuxent Wildlife
Research Center
Gila Woodpecker Ingles, Cal. Acad. Sci.
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Carnivory eating vertebratesImplies preying on
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Adaptations for flesh-eating

• biological weapons used by carnivores to hunt and
  capture prey
• Claws grab, hold, help subdue prey
• Teeth
• deliver killing bite,
• remove pieces of prey
• Top Incisors lower premolar carnassial pair
• Rapid digestion, simplified digestive tract

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Predator Claws
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Resources on Animal Diversity

• Animal Diversity Web from University of Michigan
  Museum of Zoology
• http//animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/
• National Museum of Natural History
• http//www.mnh.si.edu/
• U.C. Berkeley Museum of Paleontology
• http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/
• CalPhotos
• http//elib.cs.berkeley.edu/photos/