Title: STYLISTICS using the methodology of linguistics to study CONCEPT of STYLE in language not literary c
1- STYLISTICS using the methodology of linguistics
to study CONCEPT of STYLE in language (not
literary criticism judgment on value as work of
art) - STYLE depends on syntactic/lexical choices
according to a specific purpose 1) entertainment - 2) persuasion 4 broad categories
- 3) information
- 4) instruction
- In stylistics no distinction btw literary
texts/other texts recipes, newspaper articles,
leaflets, advertisments, political speeches,
radio/TV broadcasts, scientific articles, jokes
etc. even spoken texts - Any text has communicative dynamics encoded
through stylistics we can analyse texts with
basic searching questions about the distinctive
ways in which they communicate COMMUNICATIVE,
CREATIVE, TEXTUAL competencies host of
variables context, relationship btwx
participants, topic, mode (spoken/written),
channel (tv, letter, face-to-face etc.)
underlying ideology
2- 3 MAIN STYLISTIC LEVELS
- 1) MICRO LEVEL language as form (linguistic
form/substance of text) describing surface
linguistic features of text - -what kind of word strings? Phrases
(simple/modified pre-/post-modification) - Sentences (minor/major
incomplete/complete, simple/complex 1
clause/more than 1 clause) - -what kinds of construction? PASSIVE/ACTIVE
- TRANSITIVE/INTRANSITIVE
- TENSES, VERBS (lexical, auxiliary,
modal) - -what kind of words?
- -what kind of register? Formal, technical, slang
- -any figurative language? Polysemy (multiple
meanings)? - -which MOOD? Imperatives, declaratives,
interrogatives - -intonation patterns? (Any indication?)
- -LAYOUT and graphics? Size/spacing? Pictures?
- PRINT THIS SLIDE AND FOLLOW IT WHILE ANALYSING
YOUR TEXTS!!!
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4- 2) INTERMEDIATE LEVEL language as discourse
(discourse dimension of text) using surface
linguistic features of text to analyse the
message it conveys - - TEXT IS A MESSAGE IN ITSELF sentences in
certain order, coherent as unified entity
TEXTUAL MESSAGE (related to textual function) - TEXT SEEKS TO REPRESENT REALITY (not necessarily
physical) IDEATIONAL MESSAGE (related to
ideational function) - TEXT CREATES A RELATIONSHIP WITH AUDIENCE
INTERPERSONAL MESSAGE (related to interpersonal
function) - Look at the following text. What binds it
together as a text? - Cotton is a very useful plant. Inside its round
fruits, called bolls, are masses of white fibres.
When the fruits ripen, they split and the fibres
are blown away. But, in the cotton fields, the
bolls are picked before they are. Cotton grows
best in warm, wet lands, including Asia, the
southern United States, India, China, Egypt and
Brazil.
Lexical cohesion repetitions (cotton, fruits),
chains of words belonging to same lexical set
(grows, ripens, picked, plant, fruits, bolls,
fibres)
Grammatical cohesion tense agreement (is, are,
ripen, split, are blown), pronoun reference
(cotton/its), article reference (white fibres/the
fibres), substitution (the fruits ripen. When
they do..), ellipsis (fibres are blown
awaybefore they are blown away),
conjuncts/linkers (but)
5- Textual function using language to bring texts
into being - ability to produce texts within a communicative
context (most purely linguistic function
construct texts out of utterances/writings
approach smtg as text different perception than
speaking/writing) - In texts gt principle of unity over long
stretches of language importance of textual
cohesion (formal demonstration of coherence
through precise syntactic links i.e cohesive it
in The man through the ball. It broke a window)
and textual coherence (internal consistency in
meaning in a text) - TEXTUAL FUNCTION how do linguistic units cohere
together? How do sentences refer
backwards/forwards? e.g. substitution, ellipsis,
repetition
6- Ideational function
- function in which we conceptualise the world for
our own benefit and that of others the way in
which we represent our experiential world in
language, how we use language to make the world
intelligible to ourselves and others, involving - 1. Ideas, knowledge, beliefs of text
producer/addressee/represented subjects - 2. Evaluation of ideas, knowledge, beliefs
producerss degree of committment to ideas
expressed affinity/distance ideas of
represented subj - Ideational function is related to grammatical
competence - IDEATIONAL FUNCTIONhow do texts represent
reality? - What verbal processes? Material, verbal,
relational, behavioural, mental, existential - how are the participants represented? Actors,
sayers, carriers, behavers, sensors, existents
etc. - what is thematically important in arrangement of
clause?
7- Interpersonal function
- pragmatic use of language as personal medium
how we bring ourselves into being linguistically - its a personalising process through which we
build our identity and we relate to animate and
inanimate things, involving - 1. Identity of text producer/addressee/represente
d subjects identity subfunction - 2. Relational inclusive/exclusive of
addressees lifeworld relational subfunction - INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION
- -what speech acts are being performed?
Declarative, interrogative, imperative,
subjunctive etc. - -what do tone, mood, syntactic patterns tellus
about the relationship the text is seeking to
establish with us? Persuasion, information,
instruction, entertainment etc. - -are pronouns personal/impersonal?
- -are constructions passive/active?
- -is syntax reduced/full? e.g. newspapers
8- 3) MACRO LEVEL broader communicative situation
of texts (considering all constraints which bear
on creation of text) we place it within
communicative framework, which could be applied
to any and all communicative acts. Principal
aspects - -CONTEXT situation immediate context, wider
context - -TENOR relationship btwx person initiating text
(addresser/sender) and person to whom intended
(addressee/recipient) formal/informal tenor - -FIELD OF DISCOURSE what the subject matter is
e.g. weather, state of economy etc. - -SETTING where the text is encountered e.g.
pages of magazine, side of bus etc. - -CODE verbal/ non-verbal e.g. pictures
- -MODE written/spoken
- -CHANNEL physical means of communication
- Style according to purpose (next slide)
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10- TO SUM UP
- Stylistic features what kind of text
(charcteristic features for each genre e.g
newspaper, advertising etc.), features of
specific text (even same genre) - Formal features layout (poem, letter, article,
recipe etc.), typography (capital letters,
italics, bold, logos/trademarks etc.) - Overall structure how content is organised
- Language features spelling/sounds,
vocabulary/meanings, grammatical structures,
standard English or not, length/structure of
sentences, lexis, figurative language - Lexis register (business, religion, cooloquial,
dialectical etc.), denotative/ambiguous,
specialised/everyday etc. word classes nouns
(descriptive, concrete/abstract,
premodification/postmodification), verbs
(stative/dynamic, active/passive, modals),
pronouns (1st/3rd person, inclusive/exclusive,
direct address to reader/listener) - Figurative language allitteration (ryhming
initial consonants), rhyme, onomatopoeia,
metaphor, simile, antonymy/synonymy, assonance
(rhyming vowels), hyponymy (specific included in
general e.g. red/colour), metonymy (name of
referent replaced by name of smtg associated with
it e.g. Crown for Monarchy) etc.
11- We have to consider all these features, BUT WE
DISCUSS ONLY THOSE THAT ARE RELEVANT, those that
produce a specific effect - PROCEDURE
- Brief reference to context and content
- What we infer from layout/formal features
- How content is organised (overall structure)
- Analysis of relevant language features
(tone/style) - lexis
- nouns/vbs, pronouns, advs etc.
- figurative language
- grammatical structures
- effects of sound
- pictures etc.
12- Womens Environmental Network Vs. Friends of the
Earth - Campaigns of two environmental organizations
both employ strategic means to communicate
something. Does gender politics make a difference
to campaigning style? - e.g. (man-led) GREENPEACE LYNX anti-fur
campaigns demonizing women, who are depicted
wearing a fur coat leaving a trail of blood
caption - IT TAKES 40 DUMB ANIMALS TO MAKE A FUR
COAT...BUT ONLY ONE TO WEAR IT! - campaign poster in 1990 even more
misogynistpicture of a model wearing a fur coat
and caption RICH BITCH juxtapposed to picture
of dead fox and caption POOR BITCH - Vs.
- (woman-led) FRIENDS OF THE ANIMALS campaign
contrasts this sexist and woman-blaming strategy,
it locates the blame to male-led industry
picture of a male trapper hunting and killing a
coyote
13- Womens Environmental Network women-oriented
non-profit-making organization, launched in 1988,
collective management style trying to generate
relations of solidarity between women - They use womens purchasing power to focus on
environmental protection against a
stete-regulated economy issues of particular
concern to women - SURVEYS have shown that women are more concerned
about environmental issues than men as primary
consumers, womens purchasing power can be used
for ethical/political ends - Friends of the Earth non-gendered group,
male-oriented, hierarchical management style,
issues of particular concern to women are
marginalised - traces of more masculinist bias evident in book
with its history no pictures of women working
there (obscuring contribution of women) - COMPARISON BETWEEN 2 INFORMATION SHEETS PRODUCED
BY THE TWO ORGANIZATIONS ON ISSUES RELATING TO
PAPER ENVIRONMENT
14- SUBJECT MATTER most striking difference
- FoE moves from international context of
deforestation to recycling in the home via
industrial processes - WEN locates the problems and the solutions within
the home - WEN FOCUS everyday items of household waste
(more relevant to women) - we can define this style INCLUSIVE
personal forms
impersonal forms
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