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PP26 Whole Animal Bone and Fat Development 2

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Poodle vs. St. Bernard. Charolais. Jersey. Quarter Horse. Shetland. Poodle. Saint Bernard. Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: PP26 Whole Animal Bone and Fat Development 2


1
PP26Whole Animal Bone and Fat Development 2
  • Chapter 9 149-178
  • ANS 3043
  • University of Florida
  • Dr. Michael J. Fields

2
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Genetics
  • Genotype Environment Phenotype
  • Growth differences dictated by genotype
  • Charolais vs. Jersey
  • Quarter Horse vs. Shetland
  • Poodle vs. St. Bernard

3
Charolais
Jersey
4
Quarter Horse
Shetland
5
Poodle
Saint Bernard
6
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Growth Differences dictated by selection and/or
    domestication
  • Example results in an increased ability of
    animal to produce muscle
  • Lack of environmental stressors
  • Increased availability of nutrients
  • Best shown when comparing very diverse biological
    types within a species

7
Genetics
  • Bone or Skeleton
  • Total skeletal mass influenced by breed and
    mature size
  • Large framed animals are taller and heavier at
    maturity
  • Grow more rapidly, but mature later
    physiologically
  • Deposit fat at a later age, but only upon
    attainment of mature size will there be an
    increased propensity to fatten with excess
    nutrients
  • Increases in skeletal size is a result of
    increased long bone growth

8
Genetics
  • Muscle
  • Same number of muscles between and within breeds
  • Increased total muscle mass with increased mature
    size
  • Associated with increased skeletal growth
  • Do not confuse with muscling appearance
  • Remember beef breeds have increased number of
    muscle fibers

9
Genetics
  • Fat
  • Most fat deposition follows muscle and bone
    development
  • Depends on where animals is on its growth curve
  • Fat differences related to time of onset of
    fattening and maturity
  • Small framed animals fatten at younger ages and
    lighter weights
  • Larger framed animals fatten at older ages and
    heavier weights
  • Breed differences relative to the location in
    body where fat is deposited
  • Dairy breeds have greater KPH and intermuscular
    fat than beef breeds, which have greater greater
    subcutaneous fat

10
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Species
  • Composition is greatly affected by speciation
  • Primarily due to increased selection pressures
  • Ability to deposit different tissues at different
    rates
  • Relative proportions of each body part have
    changed

11
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Nutrition
  • Influence on growth rate and body size is
    dependent on
  • Animals location on growth curve
  • Growing phase (2) vs. Mature phase (3)
  • Level of nutrition relative to animals
    maintenance requirements
  • Excessive, Met, Below

12
Growth dependent on nutrition
Size
Birth Maturity Time
13
Nutrition
  • Low nutrition nutrient requirements not being
    met
  • Below normal muscle and bone growth
  • Virtually no fat deposition
  • Shifts growth curve to right
  • Excess nutrition nutrients higher than required
    for maintenance
  • Faster than normal growth and development of
    muscle and bone
  • Excess energy partitioned to fat
  • Shifts growth curve to left

14
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Sex
  • Growth and composition are dependent on sex
  • Intact males are capable of higher body weights
    than castrates and females
  • Intact males attain compositional maturity at
    later chronological ages than castrates and
    females
  • Intact males are generally heavier at any given
    chronological age

15
Growth dependent on sex
16
Sex
  • Muscle
  • Changes appear to be related to form and function
  • Intact males have greater proportion of muscle
    located in forequarter, specifically in the neck
    and thorax, which are associated with secondary
    sex characteristics
  • Increased androgen receptors in these tissues
  • Females have increased proportion of muscle in
    pelvic limb and abdominal wall
  • Males have larger muscle fiber diameters and
    females and castrates
  • Hormonally driven with dramatic effects
  • Male gtgt Castrate gtgt Female
  • Androgens have greater capacity and prolonged
    impetus for muscle growth

17
Weight of tissue, kg
Muscle growth
Weight of carcass, kg
18
Sex
  • Skeleton
  • Unclear if sex class has a direct effect on bone
    growth
  • Not know if estrogen and testosterone receptors
    are located on compact or spongy bone
  • Indirect effect through multiple mechanisms
    associated with hormone actions (steroids)
  • Steer epiphyseal plates slow to close causing
    them to be taller
  • Not the case in geldings (species differences)

19
Weight of tissue, kg
Bone growth
Weight of carcass, kg
20
Sex
  • Fat
  • Hormonally regulated through steroids with
    dramatic effects
  • Example animals at equal slaughter weights
    ranked from leanest to fattest
  • Beef Male, Castrate, Female
  • Sheep Male, Castrate, Female
  • Swine Male, Female, Castrate

21
Fat increases
Weight of tissue, kg
Puberty- slow bone muscle growth
Fat growth
Weight of carcass, kg
22
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Sex
  • Intact females mature earliest of sex classes,
    whereas castrates are intermediate
  • Pigs (exception) gilts mature later and reach
    heavier weights than castrates
  • Gilts are leaner than barrows at same
    chronological age (why is un clear)
  • Maybe associated with estrogen secretion
    enhancing muscle development

23
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Frame size
  • Function of skeletal growth and rate of
    maturation
  • Large frame animals reach heavier weights at a
    given compositional maturity
  • Takes longer time to reach a given compositional
    maturity than small frame animals
  • Considered later maturing animals
  • Small frame animals are considered early
    maturing animals

24
Angus Charolais Hereford
Small frame
1200 lb has fat of Angus 1,000
lb Frame 3
Large frame
25
Large frame
Small frame
26
Less Fat
Late maturing
Early maturing
Greater Fat
Weight Constant Basis
27
Frame Size Differences
  • At a constant chronological age, early maturing
    animals contain a higher percentage of carcass
    fat than late maturing animals
  • At a constant weight, later maturing animals are
    leaner, while earlier maturing animals are more
    mature, fatter and further along on the growth
    curve

28
Small Frame
Large Frame
29
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30
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Selection
  • Dairy vs. Beef
  • Selection for muscle is inversely related to milk
    production
  • Selection has not changed muscle distribution
  • Reduction in muscle fiber numbers in milk breeds
    (occurs in prenatal stage)
  • Less muscle fibers uniformly throughout carcass
    during prenatal development

31
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32
Increased Bone
Holstein (Friesian)
Hereford
Increased Fat
33
Weight of tissue, kg
Bone growth
Weight of carcass, kg
34
Dairy- less muscle fibers
35
Weight of tissue, kg
Muscle growth
Weight of carcass, kg
36
Weight of tissue, kg
Fat growth
Weight of carcass, kg
37
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Selection
  • Wool vs. Meat (sheep)
  • Strong inverse relationship between production of
    wool (Marino) vs. meat (Suffolk)
  • Fine wool breeds are larger framed, fatten at
    heavier weights than meat breeds
  • Meat breeds have superior conformation as
    measured by muscle bone ratios

38
Suffolk - meat
Marino - wool
39
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Selection
  • Maternal vs. Meat (Pigs)
  • Maternal (Landrace and Yorkshire) compared with
    meat type (Pietran and Duroc) breeds
  • Same compositional differences as observed in
    cattle
  • Has not altered distribution of muscle

40
Pietran - meat
Yorkshire - maternal
41



Distribution muscle not altered
42
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Fat vs. Lean (Poultry)
  • Mainly affects abdominal and subcutaneous fat,
    little difference in intramuscular fat
  • In contrast to livestock species, selection has
    increased distribution of muscle
  • Increase in breast muscle as proportion of total
    carcass muscle

43
Little effect on intramuscular fat
44
Factors Affecting Whole Body Growth
  • Gender effects drive nutrient partitioning
  • Why do females fatten sooner?
  • Decreased bone growth due to increased estrogen
  • Muscle growth starts to decrease and more
    nutrients available for fat
  • In males, androgens have greater capacity and
    prolonged impetus for muscle growth
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