Child Development

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Child Development

• Chapter 8

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Influences on Prenatal Development

• Teratogens Factors in the environment that can
  harm the developing fetus.
• Alcohol
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Smoking
• Low birth weight
• Increased risk of miscarriage and still birth
• Delayed cognitive development

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Physical Development

• Infants triple in weight increase body length
  by 1/3 in the 1st year.
• Some Early Gross Motor Milestones.
• Averages.
• Effected by Cultural Influences.

Milestone Months Rolls Over 2 to 4 Sits
without support 5 to 7 Stands holding onto
furniture 8 to 9 Creeps on hands and knees 9 to
10 Stands without support 10 to 13 Walks
alone 11 to 14 Walks up stairs alone 21 to
25
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Perceptual Development

• Looking Studies
• Recognizing parents, colors, old stimuli
• Depth perception in infants
• Visual Cliff
• Is it soon enough?!

5
Stage theories

• All humans move through a ordered series of
  stages.
• Each stage is associated with developmental
  goals.

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Constructivism.
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Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development

• Stage 1 Sensorimotor (0-2)
• Object Permanence
• Mental representation
• Self recognition

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Piagets Theory

• Stage 2Preoperational (2-7)
• Symbolic Play
• Egocentric thought .my dog

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Piagets Theory

• Stage 3 Concrete Operational (7-11)
• Principal of Conservation
• Stage 4 Formal Operational
• Abstract thought and logical reasoning

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Developmental Research Methods

• Cross-Sectional Study
• Cohort Effects
• Longitudinal Study
• Biographical Study

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Social Development

• Key Issues Early On
• Social Referencing
• Attachment - Temperament
• interaction between caregiver and infant.
• Comfort contact (Harlow)
• culturally influenced
• Making friends
• buffers - support
• learn to function in society

• Adolescence
• Conformity
• Need to Belong (Maslows Hierarchy p.376)
• Identity Crisis (Erikson)

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Attachment

• Strange Situation
• Secure attachment (60-65)
• Insecure attachment
• avoidant (20)
• ambivalent (10)
• Ambivalent (mixed)

Openness to Environment and the Caregiver
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Day-Care and Attachment

• High Quality care
• better socialization skills
• buffer difficult home environment
• more social than cognitive benefits

• Low Quality Care
• negative social adjustment (boys)
• poor emotional development.

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Qualities of Good Day Care

• Low volume of children.
• Good ratio of children to caretaker.
• Stability - low caretaker turn-over.
• Caretakers with sufficient training experience.

• More attention to each child.
• Sensitivity to childrens needs.
• increased verbal stimulation.

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Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development

• Trust vs. Mistrust
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Initiative vs. Guilt
• Industry vs. Inferiority
• Identity vs. Role Confusion

P. 336
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Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development

• Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Generativity vs. Self-Absorbtion
• Integrity vs. Despair

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Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow, 1970
Self- Actualization
Esteem Needs
Need to Belong
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
p. 376
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Contextual Theories of Development

• Bronfenbrenner - Ecological Systems Theory
• focus on social and cultural climate.
• relationships between individual and the
  environment.
• Direct and indirect.
• Systems approach.

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Parenting Style
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How We Get Old.

• Stochastic Theory
• wear tear
• free radicals
• Pre-Programmed
• teleomeres
• immune/endocrine systems

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Theories of Cognitive Aging

• Successful Aging
• SOC Model (Baltes)
• Generalized vs. Specific
• Common Cause Hypothesis

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Facing the End of Life

• KÜbler-Ross stages of dying
• Denial
• Anger
• Bargaining
• Depression
• Acceptance