Integrated Pest Management

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Integrated Pest Management

• Joan M. Brink
• Conservation Liaison
• Cornell University Library
• 2007

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(No Transcript)
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Insects Steps to Reduce The Damage they Cause

• In humid tropical areas, insects pose a serious
  threat to collections of all types. The
  environment that is the most damaging to
  collections is the most beneficial to insects.
• high humidity
• poor air circulation
• poor housekeeping
• Libraries and archives can provide insects with
  food, water, and shelter if the building is
  accessible and conditions welcoming to them.

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Surveys

• A careful survey of the building should be
  conducted using sticky traps to see what types of
  insects are in the library. The survey should
  systematically document the location and type of
  insects caught in the trap.

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Cockroaches

• Cockroaches are found in every part of the world.
  There are 3,500 types, some live outdoors and
  some inside.  Four types damage books the
  American cockroach, the Australian cockroach, the
  Oriental cockroach, and the German cockroach.
  Damage can be recognized by light patches on book
  cloth and ragged edges on paper. Droppings can
  also be detected in the form of pellets.

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Cockroaches

• The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)
  hides in dark areas during the day and emerges at
  night. It regurgitates a sexual attractant in the
  form of a brown liquid (atar), often seen on
  library materials. Approximately 40 millimeters
  in length, it is reddish brown. It is largely an
  indoor insect, preferring moist, warm areas.

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Cockroaches

• The Australian cockroach (Periplaneta
  australsiae), smaller than the American, has
  light or yellow markings on its thorax and
  wingtips. Common to moist tropical areas, this
  insect can live inside.

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Cockroaches

• The Oriental cockroach (Blata Orientalis), also
  known as the water bug, is large and dark brown
  or black. It prefers cooler moist areas such as
  drains and inhabits the lower floors of buildings.

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Cockroaches

• Brown banded cockroach
• The adult brown banded cockroaches have
  wings. Males are capable of flight. They feed on
  starchy materials and glues. They are active at
  night, and nymphs and adults jump rapidly when
  disturbed.

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Silverfish...

• This prefers dark, moist, and moderate to warm
  conditions. Silverfish graze on the surface of
  paper and prefer coated paper. Paper that is
  ragged and thin at the edges is usually the work
  of silverfish. Their small flat shape makes it
  easy for them to be concealed in cardboard boxes
  and other items brought into a library.

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Beetles

• There are more than a quarter million species of
  beetles. Some damage books directly by eating
  paper and binding materials, but it is their
  larvae that cause the most damage. One type, the
  dermestidae eats leather bindings.

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Beetles

• The bacon or larder beetle (Dermestes lardarius)
  is 7 to 9 millimeters in length. The rear of the
  body is pale with black spots, while the rest of
  the body dark brown. The larvae feed on leather
  bindings and then bore into the text blocks of
  books to construct a pupation chamber.

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Beetles

• The bread or biscuit beetle (Stegobium paniceum)
  is a small (2 millimeters) reddish brown insect
  with tiny larvae. The larvae eat starch,
  especially the paste used on endsheets and book
  spines. A borehole of approximately 1 to 2
  millimeters runs parallel to the height and width
  of the book.

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Beetles

• The cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne) is a
  small, light-brown flying beetle. Its larvae are
  known as bookworms. Upon hatching, the larvae
  tunnel under the binding cover, and it proceeds
  to tunnel up to 10 centimeters into the paper
  text, where it pupates into an adult beetle. The
  adult leaves a round exit hole, as well as
  powdered paper on the shelf. One of this beetle's
  favorite foods is dried flowers and spices these
  should not be brought into the library.

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Beetles

• The larvae of the drugstore beetle (Stegobium
  paniceum) are also often referred to as
  bookworms. This beetle is found in moist storage
  areas, and the larvae can actually tunnel all the
  way through books, from one cover to the other.
  As with the cigarette beetle, piles of paper
  powder signal that this insect is active.

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Termites

• The most damaging of all are termites. Entire
  collections can be ruined, often before the
  problem has been recognized. There are three main
  types of termites drywood, dampwood, and
  subterranean. Termites eat all cellulose
  materials, including wood, paper, cloth, and
  binding board.

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Termites

• Some protection can be given by the building
  design (use of metal shielding over wooden
  foundations, painting any exposed wood). Termite
  infestations must be addressed by pesticides
  applied by a qualified operator. There has been
  some success with buried traps that attract
  subterranean termites.

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Standard Methods to Reduce the Insect Population

• Various chemical methods have been used to
  eradicate pests, with differing degrees of
  success. These include ethylene oxide (ETO),
  methyl bromide, formaldehyde and phosgene gas.
  Most chemical fumigants require that the
  materials be enclosed, a vacuum chamber in the
  case of ETO and plastic sheeting or tarpaulins in
  other cases.

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Integrated Pest Management

• Non-toxic solutions should be used to avoid
  damaging the health of staff and users.
• The following steps must be taken.
• 1. Make the Building Inhospitable from the
  outside
• 2. Make the Building Inhospitable from the inside
• 3. Inside fittings and Furniture

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Make the Building Inhospitable from the Outside

• The building itself can be made inhospitable to
  insects. The following sensible precautions can
  be taken to reduce and control insect
  populations

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Make the BuildingInhospitable from the Outside

• Do not plant shrubs or trees close to a building,
  and avoid flowering species.

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Make the Building Inhospitablefrom the Outside

• Remove vines, ivy, and other climbing plants from
  the walls or roof.

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Make the BuildingInhospitable from the Outside

• Use a wide gravel or paving surround to the
  building. Make sure that there are good drains
  to prevent water from entering the structure.

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Make the BuildingInhospitable from the Outside

• Do not attach lights to buildings, as they will
  attract flying insects. Lights close to a
  building should have low ultraviolet output.
  Lights mounted away from the building should be
  the mercury-vapor type with a high ultraviolet
  output.

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Make the BuildingInhospitable from the Outside

• All garbage and rubbish, including garden and
  library waste, should be kept in a vermin-proof
  container away from the building.

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Make the BuildingInhospitable from the Outside

• Ensure that all roof drains and downspouts are
  kept clear of debris and in good condition.

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Make the BuildingInhospitable from the Outside

• Bird and other animal nests should be removed
  from the building.

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Make the BuildingInhospitable from the Outside

• Seal all holes in the building, and seal around
  holes for electrical cables, water pipes,
  telephone connections, and waste pipes.

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Make the BuildingInhospitable from the Outside

• Doors and windows should be tight fitting and
  kept closed at all times, and insect screening of
  an appropriate small mesh size should cover every
  opening.

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Make the Building Inhospitable from the Outside

• When designing a new building, consider the
  installation of a revolving door.

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Make the BuildingInhospitable from the Inside

• Use solid, impermeable construction materials
  such as brick, stone, concrete, and steel. If
  possible, observe these additional steps
• Air conditioning (HVAC) systems create wet areas,
  and have condensate drains. HVAC should be
  located in a basement area rather than on the
  roof, and there should no standing water and
  condensate drains kept clear.

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Make the BuildingInhospitable from the Inside

• Restrooms, janitors' closets, and workrooms are
  sources of water and should be segregated from
  collection areas.
• Condensation on cold water pipes can be avoided
  by wrapping them with an insulation material.
• A quarantine room should be established as close
  to the loading dock as possible. Cover incoming
  material tightly with plastic sheeting and place
  insect sticky traps under the plastic to check
  for possible infestation.

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Housekeeping

• The building interior should be kept clean, free
  from dirt and dust that provide nutrients for
  insects. Water spills should be mopped up, and
  when washing windows and floors make sure that
  excess water does not splash into cracks in the
  walls or floor.

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Housekeeping

• Keep food consumption and preparation areas away
  from collection areasideally in a separate
  building. Food and drink should not be consumed
  in reader and staff areas.

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Housekeeping

• Spills and food debris should be removed and
  waste receptacles emptied regularly. Receptions
  and events involving food and drink should not be
  held in a reading room or collection area.

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Housekeeping

• Refrigerators and appliances that combine heat
  and moisture are popular habitats for insects.
  Areas under and around appliances should be
  regularly cleaned, and sticky traps placed if
  necessary.

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BOOKWORMS

• The term bookworm actually applies to the lavae
  of several different types of beetle. 
• The lavae will develop from the egg then burrow
  into the book where it makes a small pupation
  chamber.
• The lavae changes to a small adult beetle that
  burrows its way out of the book. 
• Powdery paper on the shelf is the sign of this. 
• The eggs are laid on the edge of the book or on
  the shelf behind the books. 
• So there are really two sources of the holes in
  the paper  the entry hole made by the lavae and
  the exit hole made by the adult insect.

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Bookworms

• All insects lay eggs that produce larvae, and
  most larvae will eat paper. With roaches
  however, it is mainly the adults that damage
  books, and theyoften eat the starch out of book
  cloth. Silverfish and firebrats willnibble at
  the edges of the leaves and can cause the paper
  to become thin.

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Inside fittings

• Secure inside doors, especially those leading to
  kitchens or restrooms. If possible, fit doors
  with a weather seal.
• Cracks in inner walls or the floor should be
  filled to prevent insects from entering and
  infesting cavity areas.
• Exhibit cases and special storage cases should be
  fitted with gaskets to ensure tight-fitting
  seals.
• Fittings, cases, and room corners should be
  vacuumed and the vacuum bags checked for insects.
  Filled vacuum bags should be disposed of outside
  the building immediately after removal.

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Killing InsectsFreezing

• A freezer set at or below -20 C (-3 F) can be
  used to kill after a four day exposure. Books
  should be placed in sealed plastic bags and after
  freezing conditioned under a constant air current
  from a fan. A simple chest freezer can be used.

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Killing InsectsHeat

• Heat can also be used to kill insects in infested
  materials. Temperatures of 50C (120F) will dry
  out insect bodies. In tropical areas, infested
  books can be wrapped in black plastic inside a
  metal container and left in direct sunlight for a
  few hours.

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Health Issues

• Because of health risks, insecticides should be
  used with great care and with full knowledge of
  the effects on humans and library materials.
• Research is being conducted on safe and natural
  insect repellents, such as compounds made from
  Neem, which will help to make collections safe.
  Combined with freezing and heat treatment for
  small infestations, natural repellents can help
  to control insects while maintaining an
  environment safe for humans.

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Insect Damage

• Damage on a book cover (Photo downloaded from the
  web) appears that the insects went into material
  to eat the glue

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Insect Damage

• As received in acquisitions from Japan
• (Maeda Collection)

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Insect Damage

• As received in acquisitions from Japan
• (Maeda Collection)

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Insect Damage

• As received in acquisitions from Japan
• (Maeda Collection)

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Rodents

• Rats and mice are the most common rodents
  librarians are likely to encounter. Rats are
  difficult to control because they are capable of
  gnawing through cinder block, lead and aluminum
  sheeting, wood, plastic, and sheetrock.

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Rats and Mice

• The most common rats are the Norway rat (Rattus
  norvegicus) and the roof rat or black rat (Rattus
  rattus). The house mouse (Mus musculus) is very
  common and extremely difficult to eradicate
  entirely.

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Rodent Damage

• Both rats and mice use paper to make their nests,
  and many fine books have lost chunks of text
  through their jagged gnawing.  
• Rodents' fecal matter and urine are especially
  damaging and encourage insects.

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Rodent Damage

• Rodent (rat) damage in archive box
  (downloaded from the web)

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Killing Rodents

• It is generally better to trap rodents than to
  use a poison that will allow them to crawl into
  building crevices and die, for rodent carcasses
  are breeding grounds for insects that also damage
  library and archival materials

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EDUCATE YOUR USERS

• Project done by Cornell in 1993
• Designed by Peter Verheyen

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TUTORIALS INFORMATION

• Information and tutorials can be found on our web
  site at http//www.library.cornell.edu/preservatio
  n/index.html