Mobile Internet

1
Mobile Internet
ICTP School on Radio Use for Information and
Communication Technology The Abdus Salam
International Centre for Theoretical Physics ICTP
Trieste (Italy) 3 - 21 February 2003

• Professor Gennady Yanovsky,
• State University of Telecommunications
• St. Petersburg, Russia
• yanovsky_at_sut.ru

2

• 1. INTRODUCTION
• Two concepts
• Internet
• Mobile
• Internet short history (fixed networks)
• 1969 ARPA
• Noncommercial apps
• and
• Weak development (1970-1990)
• Exponential grows after beginning of 90-th (some
  figures)
• Plans for NGN

3
Internet developments illustration
4

• Mobile short history
• 70-th first mobile networks (analog) 1G
• 90-th digital mobile networks (2G, GSM)
• Beginning of current decade (2,5G, EGSM)
• Expectations 3G (broadband access, HBRs in air
  interface)
• Exponential grows (some figures)

5
Constant time-lag between fixed and mobile
network applications
Functionality
3 - 5 Years

• Audio Video broadband (DSL, CATV, etc.)

Fixed networks are leading

• Audio Video broadband (UMTS)

• Functionality
• Speed
• Cost

• Audio Video narrowband

• Audio Video narrowband (GPRS)

• Pictures
• Graphics
• WWW

• Pictures
• Graphics
• HSCSD
• WAP

• Text

• SMS

1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
Year
Start of the World Wide Web
6
Penetration rates for different services (for the
US market)
Time to reach 50 mln customers
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
TV (15 years)
millions of customers
Internet (lt5 years)
Telephone (90 years)
Cable TV (10 years)
Radio (40 years)
Computer
Mobile Phone
1922
1950
1980
1995
Products have an accelerated market penetration.
7
2. Key forces for broadband access Public
Network Principles
Transmission
8
How long does it take to download

3 k (EM)
3 M (S/HRP)
300 M (1hV)
Byte
bit/s
GSM
9,6 k
days
3
mins
42
2,5
secs
PSTN
mins
56 k
7
hours
12
0,4
secs
GPRS ISDN
115 k 128 k
0,2
mins
secs
3,5
hours
6
Live Video codecs starting with 32 kbit/s
UMTS ADSL
2 M 8 M
0,01
secs
20
secs
12
mins
Cable WLAN
30 M 80 M
1
1
30
msec
sec
secs
3
msecs
Fiber
30
800 G
µsecs
30
nsecs
9
Broadband to the customer via different techniques
Satellites Sky Stations
Two general types to access the informational
Resources through Net
GSM/GPRS/UMTS
WLAN
Optical fiber
Twisted Pair
xDSL/ Cable/Coax
Backbone Networks
Access Network
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Technological limitations of different
transmission media
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3G - UMTS
EDGE
GPRS
HSCSD
CDMA
GSM
AMPS
PCS
VSAT
WLAN
PMP
CDMA
DECT
Bluetooth
TV
Cellular
WLL
Satellite
Wireless access technologies
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Networks go broadband
Satellite 1.2G
1G 100M 10M 1M 100K 10K 1K
250 Mbs
Satellite 40M
(Indoor)156M
office
MMAC
(Outdoor)30M
Cable modem
human perception
xDSL
home
UMTS
ISDN
GPRS
128K
Analog modem
56K
33.6K
Transmission Rate (b/s)
Plan in Operation
Source SRI International
9.6K
1980 1985 1990
1995 2000
2005 2010 2015
2020
Year
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How long does it take to download

Wirelesswired
Byte
3 k (EM)
3 M (S/HRP)
300 M (1hV)
bit/s
GSM
9,6 k
days
3
mins
42
2,5
secs
PSTN
mins
56 k
7
hours
12
0,4
secs
GPRS ISDN
115 k 128 k
0,2
mins
secs
3,5
hours
6
Live Video codecs starting with 32 kbit/s
UMTS ADSL
2 M 8 M
0,01
secs
20
secs
12
mins
Cable WLAN
30 M 80 M
1
1
30
msec
sec
secs
3
msecs
Fiber
30
800 G
µsecs
30
nsecs
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Mobile access will dominate
Source Siemens
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Mobile Messaging Market

• SMSC/MMSC Supplier Revenues m, worldwide

SMSC Short Messaging Service Center MMSC Multime
dia Messaging Service Center
Source UBS Warburg, 01/02
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Mobile Devices Market
Source Dataquest and UBS Warburg
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Mobile and Internet Penetration in Western
European Countries (YE 2000)
80
AUT
ITA
FIN
NOR
NL
SPA
SWE
LUX
CH
70
UK
DK
POR
Mobile Penetration (in )
60
GRE
IRL
GER
FRA
BEL
50
40
0
10
20
30
40
50
Source Siemens
(Fixed) Internet Penetration (in )
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3. Evolution of mobile technologies general
picture
Deployment 2000-2006
Future Deployment
Mobility
Vehicular
UMTS FDD
2.5G
2G
Beyond 3G
Large Area coverage up to 384 kbit/s
GSM
GPRS EDGE
UMTS TDD
Pedestrian
MMAC
BWA
Pedestrian- portable up to 20Mbit/s
Indoor up to 2 Mbit/s
Bluetooth
BRAN, Hyperaccess

Portable
Cordless DECT
Wireless LAN Hyper an 2, IEEE 802.11a/b
Fixed
FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)
100
1
10
Information Rate (Mbit/s)
0.1

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4. IP Mobility 4.1.
GPRS General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a
packet-based wireless communication service that
provides data rates from 56 up to 114 Kbps and
continuous connection to the Internet for mobile
phone and computer users.
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GPRS Main Features-1 1. GPRS is based on Global
System for Mobile (GSM) communication and
supports Internet Protocol

Evolution of 2G to 3G for data transmission
protocols
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GPRS Main Features-2
2. GPRS will complement existing services such
circuit-switched cellular phone connections and
the Short Message Service (SMS). 3. GPRS will
also complement Bluetooth, a standard for
replacing wired connections between home devices
with wireless radio connections. 4. In addition
to the Internet Protocol (IP), GPRS supports
X.25, a packet-based protocol. GPRS is an
evolutionary step toward Enhanced Data GSM
Environment (EDGE) and Universal Mobile Telephone
Service (UMTS).
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EDGE is a new radio interface that employs a
combination of new coding schemes, new
modulation, and the ability to dynamically
choose the best possible combination of coding
scheme and modulation, based on instantaneous
error rates. Total maximum theoretical
throughput of EDGE is 470Kbits/sec.
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GPRS Network (1)
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SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN Gateway
GPRS Support Node
GPRS Network (2)
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MSC - Mobile Switching Center BSC Base Station
Controller
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN Gateway
GPRS Support Node

GPRS Architecture
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GSM-based 2.5/3G network fragment referred to
GPRS architecture - 1
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GSM-based all-IP network fragment referred to
UMTS architecture
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• GPRS Applications
• General-purpose IP networking
• WAP-based applications
• Services (using mobile handheld devices as well
  as notebook computers)
• Video conferences
• Interactive communications with MM Web sites
• Time frame
• GPRS won't roll out instantaneously around the
  world.
• Many GSM carriers start trials by the end of 2000
  and continued in 2001/02, but only small portion
  of their provide total coverage areas. May be on
  2003 users can roam on a widespread basis.

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• 4.2 Mobile IPv6
• Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a protocol developed as a
  subset of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) to
  support mobile connections. MIPv6 is an update of
  the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Mobile
  IP standard (RFC 2002) designed to authenticate
  mobile devices (known as mobile nodes) using IPv6
  addresses.
• Traditional IP routing (IPv4)
• IP addresses represent a topology.
• Each node's IP address identifies the network
  link where the node is connected.
• If a mobile device is disconnected from the own
  Internet and want to reconnect through a other
  (visiting) network, user have to configure the
  device with a new IP address
• IP mobility is the add-on feature and the vast
  majority of IPv6 nodes do not support MoIP
• MIPv6 allows a mobile node to maintain
  connections transparently while moving from one
  subnet to another. Each device is identified by
  its home address although it may be connecting to
  through another network. When connecting through
  a foreign network, a mobile device sends its
  location information to a home agent, which
  intercepts packets, intended for the device and
  tunnels them to the current location.
•  

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4.2.1. IPv4 and IPv6 (General view) IPv4 Header
31
0
31
0
31
Flow label (20)
Traffic class (8)
1
1
V (4)
Payload length (16)
Hope limit (8)
2
Next header (8)
2
3
Source IP address
4
Source IP address
5
Destination IP address
6
6
Destination IP address
10
IPv4 and IPv6 headers
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• 4.2.2. Main advantages of IPv6 vs. IPv4
• Scalability (Extended address space 128 bits)
• Security (Authentication and security Next
  header field capability)
• Mobility (Destination and routing options - Next
  header field capability)
• QoS (Differentiated services, incl. RT operations
  - Flow label field capability)

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• HOME ELECTRONICS
• PC
• TV set
• Micro oven
• Set-top box
• Video player
• Bluetooth devices

• PERSONAL DEVICES
• Mobile phone
• LT PC
• PDA
• MP3 MP
• Web browser
• Digital camera

• VEHICLES
• Car
• Boat
• Train
• Airplane

Need for IP access
In the near future, many devices will require
their own Internet address

• AUTOMATION
• Alarm systems
• Heating
• Electricity
• Remote monitoring

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4.2.3_1. Mobile Internet Scenario for IPv4 (RFC
2002)
35
ER
ER
ER
ER
4.2.3_2. Mobile Internet Scenario for IPv6 (an
update of RFC 2002)
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4.4. Main Definitions of Mobile IP Binding The
association/mapping between the mobile node's
home address and a care-of address Care-of
Address A temporary IP address associated with a
mobile node while visiting a foreign network (see
Appendix 2 for details) Correspondent Node A
node that is communicating with the mobile node
(for example, a WWW server) Home Address A static
IP address assigned to the mobile node in the
home network
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Home Agent A router on the mobile node's home
network with which the mobile node has registered
its current care-of address. The mobile node's
home address is associated with the home
agent Mobile Node A terminal that can change its
point of attachment in the IP network. A mobile
node can be reached via its static home address  
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• The benefits of Mobile IPv6 compared to Mobile
  IPv4 include
• The huge address space of IPv6 makes Mobile
  IPv6 deployment more straightforward
• IPv6 address autoconfiguration simplifies the
  care-of address assignment for the mobile node.
  It also eases the address management in a large
  network infrastructure
• Optimized routing Mobile IPv6 avoids so-called
  triangular routing

 

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5. Example i-mode - Shift Strategy to 3G
IMT 2000 (3G)
Increasing bandwidth
Java
Colored LCD
Open standards
Games
Pictures
i-mode launch
Home- page
e-mail
Feb. 1999
Fall, 1999
Fall, 2000
Spring, 2001
Winter, 1999
Source NTT DoCoMo, Siemens
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Example i-mode subscriber and information site
evolution

• Number of subscribers raised from 0 to 5.6
  million within one year
• Number of sites increased to 7.000 sites within
  one year

Success in mobile data is driven by open access
Source Goldman Sachs, ING Barings,
Communications International
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• Appendix 1
• Care-of address
•  
• The care-of address is a temporary IP address for
  a mobile node (mobile device) that enables
  message delivery when the device is connecting
  from somewhere other than its home network.
• The care-of address identifies a mobile node's
  current point of attachment to the Internet and
  makes it possible to connect from a different
  location without changing the device's home
  address (permanent IP address) like the postal
  system.
•  
• When a mobile device is away from its home
  network, it is assigned a care-of address.
•  
• Mobile IP registers the care-of address with a
  home agent, which resides on the home network.
  When a message for the mobile node is delivered
  to the home network, the home agent intercepts
  the message and tunnels it to the recipient at
  the care-of address.

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Appendix 2 ABBREVIATIONS-1 2G Second
Generation Mobile Telecommunications
(including GSM and GPRS technologies)3G
Third Generation Mobile Telecommunications
(including WCDMA/UMTS
technology)BG Border Gateway CN
Correspondent Node CoA Care-of
Address DHCPv6 Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol for IPv6 DNS Domain Name
System ER Edge Router FA
Foreign Agent GGSN Gateway GPRS Support
NodeGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGTP
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
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ABBREVIATIONS-2 HA Home Agent HLR
Home Location Register ICMP(v6) Internet
Control Message Protocol (for IPv6)IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force IPsec IP
securityIPv4 Internet Protocol, version
4 IPv6 Internet Protocol, version 6 ISP
Internet Service Provider MN Mobile
Node MT Mobile Terminal PLMN Public
Land Mobile NetworkRFC Request For
Comments (a specification by IETF)
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ABBREVIATIONS-3 SGSN Serving GPRS
Support Node UMTS Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System WAP Wireless
Application Protocol WCDMA Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access WLAN Wireless
LAN WWW World Wide Web