MASS EMISSION RATES AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PM2.5 EMISSIONS FROM TWO MOTORCYCLES

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• MASS EMISSION RATES AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION
  OF PM2.5 EMISSIONS FROM TWO MOTORCYCLES
• Deniz Karman and Colin Welburn
• Department of Civil and Environmental
  Engineering, Carleton University
• 1125 Colonel By Drive, K1S 5B6 Ottawa, Ontario,
  Canada
• Lisa A. Graham
• Environmental Technology Centre, Environment
  Canada
• 3439 River Road, K1A 0H3 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
• 11TH CRC ON-ROAD VEHICLE EMISSIONS WORKSHOP
• San Diego, California
• March 26-28, 2001

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Overview

• Considerations for PM2.5 sampling from vehicle
  exhaust
• Motorcycle emission measurement program
• Results Discussion
• PM2.5 Mass emission rates
• Chemical characterization
• Comparison with diesel bus emissions
• Conclusions

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Sample Collection Goals

• Dilute and cool the hot exhaust gases simulating
  the actual dilution process that occurs at the
  tailpipe or exhaust stack of a vehicle on the
  road
• Capture sufficient sample on a filter without
  causing changes in the physical and chemical
  composition of the particulate matter

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Requirements of Dilution System

• Easily cleaned between tests.
• Useful for light duty gasoline and diesel
  vehicles and heavy duty diesel vehicles.
• Residence time appropriate for collecting primary
  particle emission samples
• Adequate conditioning of dilution air
• Provide complete mixing of dilution air and hot
  exhaust before samples are collected

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Requirements of Dilution System

• Simulate as much as possible real world dilution
  process
• Present dilute samples to the collection media at
  a temperature and relative humidity consistent
  with ambient conditions.
• Must be able to collect multiple, simultaneous
  samples using different sample collection methods
  and different sample media.

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ERMD Dilution System

• Located in cold temperature test cell to simulate
  all seasons (25 to -20 C)
• Exhaust transfer line from vehicle to tunnel is
  heated and relatively straight to reduce PM loss.
• Constructed of flanged pipe segments for easy
  cleaning.
• All samples collected under iso-axial, isokinetic
  conditions.

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Critical Flow Venturi - Constant Volume Sampler
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• Multiple PM2.5 samples collected in parallel from
  2 isokinetic sampling probes in dilution tunnel

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Motorcycle testing

• 2 motorcycles
• Suzuki 750
• Honda 600
• 2 gasoline fuels
• Summer Grade Commercial (SGC)
• Low-sulfur (2 ppmw)
• 3 driving cycles
• LA4, US06, NYCC

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Collecting Sufficient Mass

• More repeats of a test, same filter is exposed
  longer
• 2 X LA4 first one cold start, followed by
  second one
• 3 X US06
• 3 X NYCC

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PM2.5 Sample Analysis

• Gravimetric ? mg/mile
• Chemical
• Organic / Elemental Carbon
• Ion Analysis
• Ammonia
• Sulphur Dioxide

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PM2.5 Emission Rates
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Results of Motorcycle Testing - Gravimetric
Analysis

• High degree of uncertainty in PM emission rates
  (5-94 RSD).
• Uncertainty linked to low mass of PM collected on
  filters.
• Cold Start emission rates not significantly
  different from Hot Start emission rates
• US-06 and NYCC produce significantly higher
  emission rates compared to FTP

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OC/EC Analysis
Supplemental Method
Traditional Method



T
Q
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1
Quartz

Teflon



Q
Q

2
3
Quartz


Quartz
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Organic Carbon in PM2.5 - corrected for filter
adsorption
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Organic/Elemental Carbon Analysis

• Need to correct for sampling artefacts
• Correction method critical for accurate results
• Number of invalidated tests directly linked to
  mass of sample collected.
• EC emission rates below detectable limits

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Measured Sulphur (SO4 and SO2) vs. Fuel S
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Sulphur Balance - Motorcycles

• Fuel sulphur consumed gtgt sulphur collected as SO2
  and PM-bound SO4.
• Causes
• SO2 by-pass?
• Gaseous sulphur species not identified?.

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PM2.5 Emission Rates - Diesel Bus on CBD
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• Conclusions
• PM2.5 mass emission rates from motorcycles are
  1/1000 of emissions from bus - approaching limit
  of gravimetric method of measurement
• the effect of aggressive driving cycles is
  noticeable
• Motorcycle PM2.5 virtually all organic carbon
• Current work
• Particle size distribution with SMPS and ELPI,
  potential for observing effect of driving
  conditions on emission rate and size distribution

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Acknowledgement

• Contributions from the following programs are
  gratefully acknowledged
• PERD (Government of Canada Panel on Energy
  Research and Development)
• TSRI - Health Canada (Toxic Substances Research
  Initiative)
• NSERC -PGS (Natural Sciences and Engineering
  Research Council of Canada, Post Graduate
  Scholarships)