Title: Chapter 1: United States Aquaculture
1Chapter 1 United States Aquaculture
2Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
3Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
4Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
5Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
6Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
7Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
8Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
9Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
10Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
- The annual per capita consumption of seafood has
been growing steadily. - It reached a record 7.0 kg in 1987.
- This demand suggests that aquaculture will become
increasingly important in the U.S.
11Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
- Commercial culture of aquatic organisms in the
U.S. has significantly increased during the past
20 years. - So has the aquaculture research support by the
government, private companies and universities.
12Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
- Today, most of the oysters, crayfish, shrimp,
catfish, salmon, striped bass and rainbow trout
consumed are farmed or aqua cultured. - Despite these success, with many of the species
mentioned grown primarily here in the U.S., most
experts agree that aquaculture in the U.S. has
not grown as rapidly as it should.
13Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
- Why hasnt aquaculture expanded more rapidly in
the U.S.? - Reasons are to a certain extent biological or
technological in nature. Most of these have
already or will soon be solved in the research
and industry laboratories.
14Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture
- Most experts believe that the reasons associated
with the hampered expansion of aquaculture in the
U.S. in particular as well as other developed
countries around the world are political, social,
or economic in nature. - When these issues are addressed, there will
likely be a substantial increase in aquaculture
production in the U.S.
15Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture - Food Fish
- The overwhelming category for U.S. aquaculture is
Food Fish and the most important cash crops
within this category include - Channel Catfish
- Salmon
- Rainbow Trout
- Tilapia
- Striped Bass and its Hybrids
16Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture - Food Fish
- Channel Catfish
- Most common
- More pounds
- Mississippi
- More fish!
17Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture - Food Fish
- Salmon
- Government facilities produce as much as 50 of
the total production - Most culture is in the Pacific N.W. with between
600-700 million salmon released annually
18Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture - Food Fish
- Rainbow Trout
- This industry ranks third behind channel catfish
and salmon - It is based primarily in Idaho
- This industry consistently produces over 20,000
metric tons annually
19Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture - Food Fish
- Striped Bass
- There are a large number of state hatcheries
producing striped bass for recreational purposes - The commercial industry which began to enjoy
significant growth in the 1980s is based on
hybrids
20Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture - Mollusks
- Oysters
- Are the most commonly grown mollusk in the U.S.
- Annual production in the U.S. usually exceeds 12
million metric tons - Mollusks are now the second highest category in
value, behind food-fish
21Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture - Crustaceans
- Crawfish (or crayfish) are the most commonly
cultured invertebrate and are second only to
channel catfish in private aquaculture
production most farms are in Louisiana - Marine shrimp and
- Freshwater prawns round out crustacean culture
in the U.S.
22Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture - Baitfish
- Another large category in terms of farms and
value both is the baitfish aquaculture industry - Landau estimates that there are over 14,000
baitfish farms in the U.S. - Annual production is worth an estimated 50
million and over 12 million metric tons of fish
23Chapter 1 U.S. Aquaculture - Ornamental Fish
- Ornamental and/or Tropical fish represents a huge
portion of Floridas economy with retail values
annually estimated at over 200 million - There are more than 220 tropical fish farms in
Florida alone
24Chapter 1 International Aquaculture
25Chapter 1 International or Global Aquaculture
- Aquaculture production continues to increase.
- Asia, with China Japan in particular, dominate
world aquaculture production. - Of the top ten aquaculture production countries,
six come form the Asian region.
26Chapter 1 International or Global Aquaculture
- In Central America aquaculture is dominated by a
large shrimp industry. - In Canada, salmonids are the most frequently
cultured species. - In Europe, the Atlantic salmon, carp, eels,
trout, oysters, and mussels are cultured in large
numbers.
27Chapter 1 International or Global Aquaculture
- The U.S., Japan, and Israel are among the most
technologically advanced aquaculture nations.
28Chapter 1 International or Global Aquaculture
- Aquaculture products tend to be relatively
expensive for a number of reasons. - the technology utilized
- the need to employ highly skilled labor
- the energy inputs -As density of animals per unit
volume increases, there is an increased need for
energy input to the aquaculture system.
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33Chapter 1 International or Global Aquaculture
- It is generally accepted that capture fisheries
will plateau at approximately 100 million metric
tons. The rest must come from aquaculture. - The expanding human population has led to very
real food shortages in many regions of the world. - Is this an opportunity for aquaculture?
34Chapter 1 Aquaculture and the Future
- The quality of effluents from aquaculture
facilities will continue to demand attention.
Increased efficiencies of production, including
improved feeds, better control and prevention of
disease, and improved growth and survival will be
required to offset the additional expense
associated with water treatment.
35Chapter 1 Aquaculture and the Future
- Concern over waste/pollution coming from
aquaculture sites/facilities - Concern over bacterial resistance because of the
use of antibiotics in aquaculture - Concern over disease transmission from
aquacultured organisms to wild stocks - Concern over the loss of resources used by
aquaculture that could be used for other purposes
36Chapter 1 Aquaculture and the Future
- Aquaculture worldwide will continue to expand to
help meet the worlds need for seafood. - Aquaculture in the U.S. will continue to explore
and develop high quality/high value species. - Much of the commercial development and farm sites
will occur outside of the U.S. but the U.S. will
continue to be the industry leader in terms of
technological advances.
37Chapter 1 Aquaculture and the Future
- Aquacultue is a highly applied science that draws
heavily on the basic sciences. That dependence
is not going to change in the foreseeable future,
and will in fact, increase as the potential
application of basic information to aquatic
animals becomes apparent.
38Chapter 1 Aquaculture and the Future
- John Manzi, in 1989, reviewed the industry and
came up with the following list that needed to be
addressed during the 1990s. He specifically
identified nutrition, genetics, disease control,
engineering, marketing and aquaculture ecology.
39Chapter 1 Aquaculture and the Future
- The President of the World Aquaculture Society,
Dr. Patrick Sorgeloos, examined the challenges
and opportunities in aquaculture RD and made the
following statement, All believe that for the
next decade the real challenge is to get the
aquaculture industries to introduce effective
genetic improvement programs using selective
breeding.
40Chapter 1 Aquaculture and the Future
- Sorgeloos (1999) continued with a formula for the
genetic improvement of aquaculture species - The first priority is domesticated broodstock
- The second is selective breeding schemes
- Use of molecular markers and genetic
fingerprinting will advance selection rapidly - Selection should focus on disease resistance,
growth rate, FCR, ease of domestication, etc.