Black Historians Pave the Way for Black America

1
Black Historians Pave the Way for Black America
Only the Beginning
2
The Black WallStreet

• The name "The Black Wall Street" is adopted from
  the historical Black community of Tulsa Oklahoma.
  The date was June 1, 1921, when "Black Wall
  street," the name fittingly given to one of the
  most affluent all-black communities in America,
  was bombed from the air and burned to the ground.
  In a period spanning fewer than 12 hours, a once
  thriving 36-black business district in northern
  Tulsa lay smoldering. A model community
  destroyed, and a major Black economic movement
  resoundingly defused.

3
MALCOLM X
Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little May 19, 1925
February 21, 1965), also known as El-Hajj Malik,
El-Shabazz was an American Black Muslim minister
and a spokesman for the Nation of Islam. After
leaving the Nation of Islam in 1964, he made the
pilgrimage, the Hajj, to Mecca and became a Sunni
Muslim. He also founded the Muslim Mosque, Inc.
and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Less
than a year later, he was assassinated in
Washington Heights on the first day of National
Brotherhood Week. In the summer before becoming
Governor of New York, and while still the
Lieutenant Governor, David Paterson said,
"Malcolm X, who lived in our time but offered us
a steadfast disciplined criticism and honesty
about the America there was for whites and the
America there was for the so-called thirty
million Negroes of his time." Historian Robin
D.G. Kelley wrote, "Malcolm X has been called
many things Pan-Africanist, father of Black
Power, religious fanatic, closet conservative,
incipient socialist, and a menace to society. The
meaning of his public life his politics and
ideology is contested in part because his
entire body of work consists of a few dozen
speeches and a collaborative autobiography whose
veracity is challenged. Malcolm has become a sort
of tabula rasa, or blank slate, on which people
of different positions can write their own
interpretations of his politics and legacy. Chuck
D of the rap group Public Enemy and Supreme Court
Justice Clarence Thomas can both declare Malcolm
X their hero."
4
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

• Eye Witnesses to Assassination of
  Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

• Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in
Memphis, Tennessee. He was posthumously awarded
the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President
Jimmy Carter in 1977. Martin Luther King Day was
established as a national holiday in the United
States in 1986. In 2004, King was posthumously
awarded a Congressional Gold Medal.
Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 April
4, 1968), was one of the pivotal leaders of the
American civil rights movement. King was a
Baptist minister, one of the few leadership roles
available to black men at the time.
5
Rosa Parks
Most historians date the beginning of the modern
civil rights movement in the United States to
December 1, 1955. That was the day when an
unknown seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama refused
to give up her bus seat to a white passenger.
This brave woman, Rosa Parks, was arrested and
fined for violating a city ordinance, but her
lonely act of defiance began a movement that
ended legal segregation in America, and made her
an inspiration to freedom-loving people
everywhere.
6
Ten Important Supreme CourtDecisions in Black
History

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
• Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson "separate but equal"
  ruling. "Segregation in public education is a
  denial of the equal protection of the laws.
• Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
  (1964)
• This case challenged the constitutionality of the
  Civil Rights Act of 1964. The court ruled that
  the motel had no right "to select its guests as
  it sees fit, free from governmental regulation."
• Loving v. Virginia (1967)
• This decision ruled that the prohibition on
  interracial marriage was unconstitutional.
  Sixteen states that still banned interracial
  marriage at the time were forced to revise their
  laws.
• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
  (1978)
• The decision stated that affirmative action was
  unfair if it lead to reverse discrimination.
• Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
• The decision upheld affirmative action's
  constitutionality in education, as long it
  employed a "highly individualized, holistic
  review of each applicant's file" and did not
  consider race as a factor in a "mechanical way."

• Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
• Decreed a slave was his master's property and
  African Americans were not citizens struck down
  the Missouri Compromise as unconstitutional.
• Civil Rights Cases (1883)
• A number of cases are addressed under this
  Supreme Court decision. Decided that the Civil
  Rights Act of 1875 (the last federal civil rights
  legislation until the Civil Rights Act of 1957)
  was unconstitutional. Allowed private sector
  segregation.
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• The Court stated that segregation was legal and
  constitutional as long as "facilities were
  equal"the famous "separate but equal"
  segregation policy.
• Powell v. Alabama (1932)
• The Supreme Court overturned the "Scottsboro
  Boys'" convictions and guaranteed counsel in
  state and federal courts.
• Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
• The justices ruled that a court may not
  constitutionally enforce a "restrictive covenant"
  which prevents people of certain race from owning
  or occupying property.

7
WoolWorth Sit-in
David Richmond (from left), Franklin McCain,
Ezell Blair Jr., and Joseph McNeil leave the
Woolworth in Greensboro, N.C., where they
initiated a lunch-counter sit-in to protest
segregation, Feb. 1, 1960. (No photographers were
allowed into the store on the first day of
protest.)
Joseph McNeil (from left), Franklin McCain, Billy
Smith and Clarence Henderson sit in protest at
the whites-only lunch counter at Woolworth during
the second day of peaceful protest, Feb. 2, 1960.
8
On Feb. 1, 1960, four students from all-black
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College
walked into a Woolworth five-and-dime with the
intention of ordering lunch. But the manager of
the Greensboro Woolworth had intentions of his
own to maintain the lunch counter's strict
whites-only policy. Franklin McCain was one of
the four young men who shoved history forward by
refusing to budge. McCain remembers the anxiety
he felt when he went to the store that Monday
afternoon, the plan he and his friends had
devised to launch their protest and how he felt
when he sat down on that stool. "Fifteen seconds
after I had the most wonderful feeling. I had a
feeling of liberation, restored manhood. I had a
natural high. And I truly felt almost invincible.
Mind you, I was just sitting on a dumb stool
and not having asked for service yet," McCain
says. "It's a feeling that I don't think that
I'll ever be able to have again. It's the kind of
thing that people pray for and wish for all
their lives and never experience it. And I felt
as though I wouldn't have been cheated out of
life had that been the end of my life at that
second or that moment." McCain shares his
recollection of the exchanges the four
African-American men had with the lunch-counter
staff, the store manager and a policeman who
arrived on the scene and also a lesson he
learned that day. An older white woman sat at the
lunch counter a few stools down from McCain and
his friends. "And if you think Greensboro, N.C.,
1960, a little old white lady who eyes you with
that suspicious look she's not having very good
thoughts about you nor what you're doing," McCain
says. Eventually, she finished her doughnut and
coffee. And she walked behind McNeil and McCain
and put her hands on their shoulders. "She said
in a very calm voice, 'Boys, I am so proud of
you. I only regret that you didn't do this 10
years ago.'" McCain recalls. "What I learned
from that little incident was don't you ever,
ever stereotype anybody in this life until you at
least experience them and have the opportunity to
talk to them. I'm even more cognizant of that
today situations like that and I'm always
open to people who speak differently, who look
differently, and who come from different places,"
he says. On that first day, Feb. 1, the four men
stayed at the lunch counter until closing. The
next day, they came back with 15 other students.
By the third day, 300 joined in later,
1,000. The sit-ins spread to lunch counters
across the country and changed history.
WoolWorth Sit-in
9
Little Rock Nine

• The Little Rock Nine were a group of
  African-American students who were enrolled in
  Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The
  ensuing Little Rock Crisis, in which the students
  were initially prevented from entering the
  racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor
  Orval Faubus, and then attended after the
  intervention of President Dwight Eisenhower, is
  considered to be one of the most important events
  in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.

10
History of African Americans in the Civil War
These words spoken by Frederick Douglass moved
many African Americans to enlist in the Union
Army and fight for their freedom. With President
Abraham Lincoln's issuance of the Emancipation
Proclamation in 1863, the Civil War became a war
to save the union and to abolish slavery.
11
African American Military History
African Americans have served as underappreciated
heroes in every war and countless 'unofficial'
skirmishes and conflicts throughout the history
of our nation -- and even in colonial days. There
has scarcely been a battle when America has not
been served by the valor and sacrifice of what
poets have called "the darker brother." Like the
Kipling poems of England's Victorian "empire"
period, America also has a story of forgotten
heroes, and a public that seems barely aware of
the courage and honor of, in some cases,
gallantry almost beyond words. Kipling wrote of
the unappreciated 'Tommy Atkins' - despised or
held scarcely above outright contempt - UNTIL the
nation needed him. Then he was the hero, the
savior, the man who stood in the gap, who came to
his nation's rescue in its hour of need. Another
Kipling poem describes the despised 'Gunga Din'
the brave dark fighters who shed their blood,
gave their lives, on behalf of an empire that
owed them better. And for Kipling, the white
professional soldiers could only say in awe,
"You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din." But
in America's case, its Black warriors were not
foreign, they were home born and every bit as
American as their brother warriors of lighter
hue. At long last, America is waking to the glory
of "the darker brother" on the field of battle.
Just as has been shown in other fields of
achievement, perhaps beginning with America's
unique homegrown religious heritage, the black
contribution has been profound.
The original core of this document was begun by
Professor Cunnea as a homework aid for his
classes. A note to researchers of "Buffalo
Soldiers" -- the Buffalo Soldiers were
African-Americans used in the U.S. war to protect
settlers not only against brigands but also
(primarily) against certain Native Americans. The
web has numerous sites on the Buffalo Soldiers
but please be aware, while the Buffalo Soldiers
spoke American English, and tended to think
somewhat similar to the "white" Americans,
history reveals that they also shared the
prejudices against so called marauding "red men."
You should be aware of this. The first Buffalo
Soldiers were the 9th and 10th Cavalries, formed
by the U.S. Army in 1866 and mostly composed of
freed slaves and Civil War vets. The patrolled
the Mexican border, participated in the
Spanish-American War, and in the U.S. expedition
to the Philippines. While it is regrettable that
black Americans should have participated in
military actions adversely affecting native
peoples, students should remember that not all
the reprisals and measures taken by the
government were unprovoked, nor were all of them
carried out with the ruthlessness we sometimes
hear of. Buffalo soldiers and black cowboys were
merely one factor in the opening of the West, and
a certain toughness went with the territory. It
was a job somebody had to do, and the oppressive
aspects, while not excusable whatsoever, were
indeed one part of that history. The Buffalo
Soldiers were disbanded in the 1950's when
President Harry Truman integrated the armed
forces. A television movie called "Buffalo
Soldiers" starring Danny Glover was made in 1997
and may be available to students on video. It
aired on TNT. Set in New Mexico Territory in
1880, it is a fictionalized account of the
conflicts between the Buffalo Soldiers and the
Native Americans then plaguing the pioneers
westward.
12
Baker Joins the Civil Rights Movement

• Ella Baker was born to Georgianna and Blake Baker
  on December 13, 1903 in Norfolk, Virginia. After
  graduating from high school, Baker left home for
  Shaw University in North Carolina. She earned her
  degree in 1927, and moved to Harlem where the
  lively black community furthered her interest in
  social justice. She quickly settled into her new
  home. She took a position as the executive
  director of the Young Negroes Cooperative League,
  and was instrumental in combating the effects of
  the depression through the creation of consumer
  cooperatives.

13

• Baker Joins the Civil Rights Movement
• As the depression came to an end, Baker moved her
  attention to civil rights. In 1941, she joined
  the NAACP and began work as a field secretary.
  Two years later, she secured a position as the
  Director of Branches. Even though the NAACP was
  one of the few organizations at the time to fight
  for civil rights, Baker was disheartened with the
  groups primary focus on legal avenues as opposed
  to grass roots organizing. Baker resigned in
  1946, but remained with the organization for
  several years.
• At the time, New York was a haven for black
  activists. Among these forward looking protestors
  was Bayard Rustin and A. Philip Randolph. New
  York was also the home of Martin Luther King
  Jr.s closest advisor, Stanley Levison. In 1956,
  while the Montgomery bus boycott was underway,
  Baker, Levison, and Rustin teamed up to form the
  group In Friendship. The purpose of the
  organization was to provide funding for civil
  rights endeavors. Through donations from wealthy
  patrons, the group was able to contribute a
  substantial sum to the boycott.
• When the boycott ended, Baker was part of the
  discussions with Levison and Rustin about
  expanding the civil rights movement beyond the
  bus boycott. After King accepted the proposal,
  the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
  (SCLC) was formed in 1957. In 1958, King
  requested that Baker take charge of the
  floundering Crusade for Citizenship, which was
  the SCLC campaign to promote voter registration.
  One year later, Baker was appointed temporary
  director of the SCLC until a permanent one was
  found.
• By this time, although Baker was veteran
  organizer, the man centered leadership of the
  civil rights movement eliminated her chance for
  becoming the permanent director. Her fill-in
  position lasted for just one year. In February
  1960, Baker found that her talents were more
  accepted by the students who had just begun the
  sit-in movement. She was instrumental in helping
  them establish the Student Nonviolent
  Coordinating Committee (SNCC) as a medium to
  organize student demonstrations.

14
A. Philip Randolph
Randolph Finds Solace in Socialism
Randolph Fights for Black Porters
Randolph Challenges Discrimination Condoned by
the Federal Government
Born and raised in Crescent City, Florida, A.
Philip Randolph was the son of a minister. Four
years after Randolph graduated as class
valedictorian from Cookman Institute, he decided
to move to New York City in 1911. At first he
attempted to launch an acting career, but he
found more success in his academic endeavors at
City College.
As Randolph developed intellectually, he began to
believe that the black working class was crucial
to black progress. With this goal in mind,
Randolph joined the Socialist party. Among the
other socialist that Randolph began associating
with was Columbia University student Chandler
Owen. Randolph and Owen quickly became close
friends. In 1917, Randolph and Owen founded the
magazine The Messenger. In it, they covered such
issues as calling for more opportunities for
blacks in the military and it was also used as a
forum to criticize the ideas of President Woodrow
Wilson, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. Du Bois.
15
A. Philip Randolph

• Randolph eventually saw the need for organizing
  black workers. Because many affiliates of the
  American Federation of Labor (AFL) barred blacks
  from membership, in 1925, Randolph founded and
  served as President of the Brotherhood of
  Sleeping Car Porters. The organization
  represented black porters who worked for the
  Pullman Company. Through the group, Randolph was
  able to secure a railroad contract with the
  Pullman Company in 1937.
• After the successful negotiation with the Pullman
  Company, one year later, Randolph put pressure on
  President Franklin D. Roosevelt to end employment
  discrimination against blacks in the federal
  government. Randolph began organizing blacks to
  march on Washington in protest. On June 25, 1941,
  President Roosevelt responded by issuing
  Executive Order 8802, which barred discrimination
  in defense industries and established the Fair
  Employment Act.
• Next, Randolph turned his attention to
  discrimination in the military. Randolph was
  successful again after he pushed for the banning
  of segregation in the military through his
  organization the League for Nonviolent Civil
  Disobedience Against Military Segregation. This
  time Executive Order 9981 was issued by President
  Harry Truman on July 26, 1948.

16
Randolph Organizes the March on Washington

• Beyond labor concerns and governmental
  discrimination, Randolph was passionate about
  equality for blacks. When Martin Luther King Jr.
  took the lead in the Montgomery Bus Boycott in
  1955, Randolph immersed himself in the civil
  rights effort. Randolphs most notable
  achievement during the movement was the
  organization of the 1963 March on Washington for
  Jobs and Freedom. The idea for the march, which
  originated from Randolphs 1941 idea to march in
  protest against employment discrimination
  practices by the federal government, encompassed
  Randolphs two passionslabor concerns and civil
  rights.
• In 1968, Randolphs health began to deteriorate,
  and he became less active. He died on May 16,
  1979.
• Bayard Rustin, most noted for his
  behind-the-scenes work with Martin Luther King
  Jr. in the civil rights movement, was more than
  an activist for racial equality. He was committed
  to economic justice, labor rights, and by the end
  of his life, he had taken on humanitarian causes.

17
Bayard Rustins Activist
March 17, 1912 to August 24, 1987
18
Bayard Rustins Activist

• Bayard Rustin was born on March 17, 1912 in West
  Chester, Pennsylvania. Rustin had a rocky start
  in life. His mother, an unmarried woman, left him
  in the care of his grandparents. Rustins
  grandparents had a positive influence on his life
  and were instrumental in his future. Rustin
  looked on as his grandmother, a member of the
  NAACP, invited well known activists to stay in
  their home. Overnight visitors included W.E.B. Du
  Bois, James Weldon Johnson, and Mary McLeod
  Bethune.
• Rustins grandmother nurtured the activist spirit
  in him through the use of Quaker teachings. The
  Quakers believed that all people, regardless of
  race, were equal. Thus, for the Quakers,
  segregation laws were immoral. When Rustin
  matured, it was the Quaker stance on equality,
  and not his race that led to his participation in
  the civil rights movement.
• Rustin Works with the Communists
• In 1932, after Rustin graduated from high school,
  he moved to Ohio to attend Wilberforce
  University. As a tenor, he established himself as
  an asset to the Wilberforce Quartet, but after
  two years at the university, he decided to move
  on. He eventually landed in New York City in
  1937. He attended City College of New York and
  worked as a backup singer. Rustins passion for
  equality, however, led him to the Young Communist
  League. It was a brief membership that ended when
  he discovered that the groups commitment to the
  end of discrimination was overrode by other
  causes.
• Bayard Rustin Embraces Pacifism
• Rustins 1941 departure led him on a new path. He
  worked briefly with labor leader A. Philip
  Randolph at the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
  Porters, but decided instead to put his effort
  into the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), a
  peace organization. It was during this time that
  he became a pacifist. His study of Gandhi and his
  close working relationship with the
  organizations leader, A.J. Muste, influenced his
  refusal to comply with the draft act. As a
  result, Rustin was sentenced to three years in
  federal prison.
• Shortly after Rustins release from prison, he
  participated in the FOR and Congress of Racial
  Equality (CORE) sponsored freedom rides in 1947.
  The rides were designed to test the Supreme Court
  ruling desegregating interstate buses. Rustins
  participation resulted in his arrest and
  conviction. He was sentenced to thirty days on a
  chain gang.

19
Bayard Rustins Activist

• Rustin Joins the Civil Rights Movement
• In 1953, Rustin broke off with FOR after his well
  publicized arrest for homosexual lewd conduct
  threatened to harm the reputation of the
  organization. Two years later, when Martin Luther
  King Jr. emerged as the leader of the Montgomery
  bus boycott, Rustin began his mentorship of King
  on nonviolent resistance. Once the boycott ended,
  Rustin urged King to form an organization
  dedicated to civil rights with the help of
  Rustin, the Southern Christian Leadership
  Conference (SCLC) was created in 1957.
• Rustins contribution to the civil rights
  movement was instrumental to its success. He was
  an adept organizer who was most noted for his
  management of the March on Washington for Jobs
  and Freedom. His homosexual orientation, however,
  was at times a barrier. He was often forced to
  work behind-the-scenes with King and the SCLC.
• Bayard Rustin Moves beyond Civil Rights
• In 1965, Rustin decided to move away from civil
  rights. By this time, he believed that economic
  equality had become more important than civil
  rights. In 1968, Rustin and Randolph founded the
  A. Philip Randolph Institute, an organization
  dedicated to labor rights. Rustin became the
  executive director of the group.
• In the 1970s, Rustin began working for
  humanitarian causes. He served as the vice
  chairman of the refugee aid organization, the
  International Rescue Committee, and he worked
  with the group, Project South Africa. Rustins
  commitment to humanitarian causes came to an end
  on August 24, 1987, when he died of a perforated
  appendix in New York City.

20
Where Would We Be Without  Black People?

•  
• This is a story of a little boy named Alex. He
  woke up one morning and asked his mother, "Mom,
  what if there were no black people in the world?"
•  
• His mother thought about what he said for a
  moment and replied, "Son follow me today and
  let's see what it would be like if there were no
  black people in the world."
•  
• Mom said, "We will get dressed so we can start
  our day." Alex ran to his room to put on his
  clothes and shoes. A few moments later his mother
  asked, "Alex, where are your shoes? And your
  clothes are wrinkled so we have to iron them."
  She reached for the ironing board but it was not
  there. Alex asked why and his mother replied,
  "Alex, Sarah Boone, a black woman invented the
  ironing board and Jan E. Mazelinger, a black man
  invented the shoe lasting machine.
•  
• Alex sighed and proceeded to comb his hair. To
  his amazement, the comb and brush were not where
  they should have been. He asked his mother where
  the comb and brush were and she replied, "We
  don't have a comb and brush since the comb was
  invented by a black man named Walter Sammons and
  the brush was invented by a black woman named
  Lydia O. Newman." Alex looked at his mother's
  hair and said, "Mom your hair care products must
  have been invented by a black person also because
  your hair is not done." His mom said, "yes, Madam
  C. J. Walker invented hair care products for
  blacks. 
•  

21

• Where Would We Be Without  Black People?
• Alex was beginning to understand when his mother
  said it was time to eat breakfast. Alex and his
  mother went into the kitchen for breakfast and
  discovered the refrigerator was missing because
  it was invented by a black man named, John
  Standard, the range oven was missing because it
  was invented by a black man named, Thomas
  Carrington and the kitchen table was missing
  since it was invented by H. A. Jackson.
•  
• At this point, Alex yelled, "Mom we aren't having
  much luck today.
• Mom said, "Alex its time to start our chores
  around the house and take a trip to the grocery
  store."
•  
• Mom told Alex his chores for the day were to
  sweep the floor and cut the lawn. When Alex
  finished sweeping he looked for the dust pan and
  to his surprise it was not there. His mom told
  him it was invented by Lloyd P. Ray, a black
  man.  Since he did not know what to do with the
  trash that he swept, he swept it into a corner
  and went outside to cut the lawn but the lawn
  mower was not there. Thinking it had been stolen,
  he told his mother it wasn't there and she told
  him it was because it was invented by J. A. Burr.
•  
• While Alex was trying to figure out how he was
  going to cut the lawn, his mother washed clothes.
  When the clothes were finished, she asked Alex to
  put them in the clothes dryer but it was not
  there since it was invented by a black man name,
  George T. Samon. By now Alex was feeling helpless
  and disappointed that he could not complete his
  chores.
•  

22
Where Would We Be Without  Black People?

• Mom asked Alex to go get a pencil and paper so
  they could make a grocery list. Of course he was
  in for more disappointment because the pencil led
  was broken and he couldn't sharpen it since the
  pencil sharpener was invented by a black man
  named John Love. Mom reached for a fountain pen
  but did not see one since it was invented by
  William Purvis another black man. They were both
  at a standstill since there was no typewriter
  since it was also invented by a black,  Lee
  Burridge.
•  
• The only thing left for them to do was to go
  grocery shopping. The got into the car but it
  would not run since Richard Spikes, a black man,
  invented the automatic gearshift and Joseph
  Gammel was responsible for the super-charge
  system for the internal combustion engines. 
•  
• By now, most of the day was gone and it was
  getting cold outside.  Alex asked his mother why
  she didn't use the heating furnace. She replied,
  she couldn't since it was invented by Alice
  Parker. Alex said, "let me guess, she was also
  black". Alex's father walked in as he was talking
  to his mother. He was carrying a hand full of
  mail and Alex asked why. His mother told him, he
  had no choice since the letter drop mailbox was
  invented by a black named Philip Downing as well
  the postmarking and canceling machines were
  invented by William Barry who was also black.  
•  
• With the wondering mind that Alex had,  he
  started thinking, if he ever need blood there
  would be no way for him to get it since Charles
  R. Drew, a black scientist created the world's
  first blood bank or if anyone in his life needed
  heart surgery they would not be able to get it
  since Dr. Daniel Hale Williams, a black physician
  performed the first open heart surgery.
•  

23
Where Would We Be Without  Black People?

• For the first time Alex understood what the world
  would be like without black people since he and
  his mother were having the final conversation of
  the night in a dark room. You see, the filament
  within the light bulb was also invented by
  someone black named, Lewis Howard Latimer.
•  
• If you ever wonder, like Alex, what the world
  would be like without black people, just think
  what it would be like to eat in the dark on the
  floor, walk everywhere you have to go, wear
  wrinkled clothes, not be able to write with a pen
  or pencil, not comb or brush your hair and let's
  not forget, reading this on the computer would be
  impossible since the keyboard used to type it
  originated from the typewriter, get the
  picture.....?.
•  
• Author Unknown
• (Edited)

24
This is Only the Beginning

• There is more to come, for we will continue to
  make history for our people in this great land
  and here on Gods Earth