Disease defined in medicine is any state in which the health of the human organism is impaired.

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INTRODUCTION

• Disease defined in medicine is any state in which
  the health of the human organism is impaired.

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UNDERSTANDING

• Understanding of diseases depends on a clear
  delineation of the symptoms, which are
  manifestations of altered life processes

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CLASSIFICATION

• Diseases can be classified by their site (bone,
  heart) by their natural history (acute\chronic)
  by their course (progressive or intermittent) or
  by other schemes. Two very useful ways are by
  cause and the biological processes which are
  disturbed.

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CLASSIFICATION BY CAUSE

• HEMOLYTIC THROAT INFECTIONS
• VIRUSES
• PENICILLUM GROWING IN AGAR
• MACROPHAGE ON ASBESTOS

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EPIDEMIOLOGY

• Is the medical science that involves the study of
  the incidence and distribution of diseases in
  large populations and the conditions influencing
  the spread and the severity of disease.

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DISEASE VS DISORDER

• Disease may be defined as a change in structure
  or function within the body, which is considered
  to be abnormal.
• Disorder is defined as a derangement or
  abnormality of function.

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Disorder CLARFICATION

• Disorder can also refer to a pathological
  condition of the body or mind but more commonly
  is used to refer to a problem such as a vitamin
  deficiency.

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SYNDROME

• The term syndrome refers to a group of symptoms,
  which may be caused by a specific disease but may
  also be caused by several interrelated problems.
  Example, Downs Syndrome, Acquired
  Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

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Pathology

• Pathology can be broadly defined as the study of
  disease.
• A pathologist is one who studies disease.
• Pathogenesis is a description of how a particular
  disease progresses.

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ETIOLOGY

• Etiology of a disease means the study of cause.
• Idiopathic is a term that is used to mean the
  cause is unknown.

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PREDISPOSING FACTORS

• Predisposing factors also termed risk factors
  make a person more susceptible to disease.
• Predisposing should not be confused with cause of
  the disease.

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RISK FACTORS

• AGE
• GENDER
• ENVIRONMENT
• LIFESTYLE
• HEREDITY

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DIAGNOSIS

• This is the identification or naming of a
  disease.
• It is a methodical study by a physician utilizing
  data collected from a medical history, physical
  examination, and diagnostic tests.

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PROGNOSIS

• Is the predicted or expected outcome of the
  disease.
• Remission refers to a time when the symptoms are
  diminished or temporarily resolved.
• Exacerbation refers to a time when symptoms flare
  up or become worse.

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ENVIRONMENT

• Physiological
• Spiritual
• Individual
• Psychological
• Intellectual
• Sociocultural

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CAUSES OF DISEASESIX CATEGORIES

• HEREDITARY
• TRAUMATIC
• INFLAMMATION/INFECTION
• HYPERPLASIAS/NEOPLASMS
• NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCE
• IMPAIRED IMMUNITY

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HEREDITARY DISEASES

• SINGLE GENE ADNORMALITY
• ABNORMALITY OF SEVERAL GENES
• ABNORMALITY OF A CHROMOSOME

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TRAUMATIC

• Motor Vehicle Accidents
• Falls
• Drowning
• Burns
• Ingested or Inhaled
• Poisoning
• Penetrating
• Physical Abuse

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INFLAMMATIONINFECTION

• Inflammation is a protective immune response that
  is triggered by any type of injury or irritant.
• REDDNESS
• HEAT
• SWELLING
• PAIN

LOSS OF MOTION
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INFECTION

• Infection refers to the the invasion of
  microorganisms into tissue that cause cell or
  tissue injury.
• A tissue may be inflamed but not infected.

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DISEASES

• Diseases that are related to inflammation are
  identified with suffix it is.
• Examples are appendicitis, gastritis

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HYPERPLASIASNEOPLASMS

• Hyperplasias are an overgrowth of cells in
  response to some type of stimulus. Example
  enlargement of thyroid gland commonly called
  goiter in response to a hormone deficiency.

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Neoplasms

• Neoplasms refers to new growths are commonly
  called Tumors.(Tumors means swelling)
• Neoplasms may be classified as benign or
  malignant.

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TUMORS

• Benign tumors are encapsulated/ limited growth
  thus easily removed.
• Malignant means uncontrollable growth, finger
  like projections into surrounding tissues making
  it very difficult to remove.
• Cancer is defined as any malignant tumor.

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EXAMPLES OF NEOPLASMS TUMORS
Adenoma Usually benign tumor arising from
glandular epithelial tissue Carcinoma Malignant
tumor of epithelial tissue Fibroma Benign tumor
of connective tissue Lipoma Benign fatty
tumor Melanoma Malignant tumor of the
skin Sarcoma Malignant tumor arising from
connective like muscle or bone
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NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCE

• Most nutritional diseases are related to over
  consumption or under consumption of nutrients.
• Specific problems are malnutrition, obesity, and
  excessive or deficient vitamins and/or minerals.

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IMPAIRED IMMUNITY

• Impaired immunity occurs when some part of the
  system malfunctions.
• Allergy the immune response is too intense or
  hypersensitive to an environmental substance.
• Allergen environmental substance that causes a
  reaction

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IMPARIED IMMUNITY

• Autoimmunity the immune response attacks its own
  self.
• Examples of autoimmunity diseases include
  rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever

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IMMUNODEFICIENCY

• The immune response is unable to defend the body
  due to a decrease or absence of leukocytes,
  primarily lymphocytes.
• Individuals are usually asymptomatic except for
  recurrent infections.

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AGING

• An individuals body actually begins to age at
  physical maturity around age eighteen.
• Diseases related to aging are often called
  degenerative diseases.

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MECHANISM OF AGING

• HEREDITY
• LIFESTYLE
• STRESS
• DIET
• ENVIRONMENT

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DEATH IN TISSUES ORGANS

• CELLULAR INJURY may be due to some type of
  trauma, hypoxia, anoxia, drug or bacterial
  toxins, or viruses.
• The ability of the cell to survive depends on
  several factors including the amount of time the
  cell suffers and type of cell injury.

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CELLULAR ADAPTATION

• Cells that are exposed to adverse conditions
  often go through a process of adaptation.
• Some adaptation are permanent and sometimes the
  cells have the ability to change back to their
  normal structure and function.

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TYPES OF ADAPTATION

• ATROPHY
• HYPERTROPHY
• HYPERPLASIA
• METAPLASIA
• DYSPLASIA
• NEOPLASIA

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CELL TISSUE DEATH

• Necrosis is defined as cellular death.
• Most common causes anoxia hypoxia
• Hypoxia caused by decreased blood flow is called
  ischemia.

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TYPES OF GANGRENE

• WET occurs when the necrosis was caused by sudden
  stoppage of blood flow.
• Dry occurs when blood flow has been slowed for a
  long period of time before necrosis occurred (ie
  advanced diabetes).

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TYPES OF GANGRENE

• Gas gangrene occurs with dirty, infected wounds.
  The tissue becomes infected with anaerobic
  bacteria that produce a toxic gas. This is an
  acute, painful and often fatal type of gangrene.

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ORGANISM DEATH
CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING BRAIN DEATH
Lack of response to stimuli
Loss of all reflexes
Absence of respiration or breathing effort Lack
of brain activity as shown by an EEG
(electroencephalogram)