Title: Disease defined in medicine is any state in which the health of the human organism is impaired.
1INTRODUCTION
- Disease defined in medicine is any state in which
the health of the human organism is impaired.
2UNDERSTANDING
- Understanding of diseases depends on a clear
delineation of the symptoms, which are
manifestations of altered life processes
3CLASSIFICATION
- Diseases can be classified by their site (bone,
heart) by their natural history (acute\chronic)
by their course (progressive or intermittent) or
by other schemes. Two very useful ways are by
cause and the biological processes which are
disturbed.
4CLASSIFICATION BY CAUSE
- HEMOLYTIC THROAT INFECTIONS
- VIRUSES
- PENICILLUM GROWING IN AGAR
- MACROPHAGE ON ASBESTOS
5EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Is the medical science that involves the study of
the incidence and distribution of diseases in
large populations and the conditions influencing
the spread and the severity of disease.
6DISEASE VS DISORDER
- Disease may be defined as a change in structure
or function within the body, which is considered
to be abnormal. - Disorder is defined as a derangement or
abnormality of function.
7Disorder CLARFICATION
- Disorder can also refer to a pathological
condition of the body or mind but more commonly
is used to refer to a problem such as a vitamin
deficiency.
8SYNDROME
- The term syndrome refers to a group of symptoms,
which may be caused by a specific disease but may
also be caused by several interrelated problems.
Example, Downs Syndrome, Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
9Pathology
- Pathology can be broadly defined as the study of
disease. - A pathologist is one who studies disease.
- Pathogenesis is a description of how a particular
disease progresses.
10ETIOLOGY
- Etiology of a disease means the study of cause.
- Idiopathic is a term that is used to mean the
cause is unknown.
11PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- Predisposing factors also termed risk factors
make a person more susceptible to disease. - Predisposing should not be confused with cause of
the disease.
12RISK FACTORS
- AGE
- GENDER
- ENVIRONMENT
- LIFESTYLE
- HEREDITY
13DIAGNOSIS
- This is the identification or naming of a
disease. - It is a methodical study by a physician utilizing
data collected from a medical history, physical
examination, and diagnostic tests.
14PROGNOSIS
- Is the predicted or expected outcome of the
disease. - Remission refers to a time when the symptoms are
diminished or temporarily resolved. - Exacerbation refers to a time when symptoms flare
up or become worse.
15ENVIRONMENT
- Physiological
- Spiritual
- Individual
- Psychological
- Intellectual
- Sociocultural
16CAUSES OF DISEASESIX CATEGORIES
- HEREDITARY
- TRAUMATIC
- INFLAMMATION/INFECTION
- HYPERPLASIAS/NEOPLASMS
- NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCE
- IMPAIRED IMMUNITY
17HEREDITARY DISEASES
- SINGLE GENE ADNORMALITY
- ABNORMALITY OF SEVERAL GENES
- ABNORMALITY OF A CHROMOSOME
18TRAUMATIC
- Motor Vehicle Accidents
- Falls
- Drowning
- Burns
- Ingested or Inhaled
- Poisoning
- Penetrating
- Physical Abuse
19INFLAMMATIONINFECTION
- Inflammation is a protective immune response that
is triggered by any type of injury or irritant. - REDDNESS
- HEAT
- SWELLING
- PAIN
LOSS OF MOTION
20INFECTION
- Infection refers to the the invasion of
microorganisms into tissue that cause cell or
tissue injury. - A tissue may be inflamed but not infected.
21DISEASES
- Diseases that are related to inflammation are
identified with suffix it is. - Examples are appendicitis, gastritis
22HYPERPLASIASNEOPLASMS
- Hyperplasias are an overgrowth of cells in
response to some type of stimulus. Example
enlargement of thyroid gland commonly called
goiter in response to a hormone deficiency.
23Neoplasms
- Neoplasms refers to new growths are commonly
called Tumors.(Tumors means swelling) - Neoplasms may be classified as benign or
malignant.
24TUMORS
- Benign tumors are encapsulated/ limited growth
thus easily removed. - Malignant means uncontrollable growth, finger
like projections into surrounding tissues making
it very difficult to remove. - Cancer is defined as any malignant tumor.
25EXAMPLES OF NEOPLASMS TUMORS
Adenoma Usually benign tumor arising from
glandular epithelial tissue Carcinoma Malignant
tumor of epithelial tissue Fibroma Benign tumor
of connective tissue Lipoma Benign fatty
tumor Melanoma Malignant tumor of the
skin Sarcoma Malignant tumor arising from
connective like muscle or bone
26NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCE
- Most nutritional diseases are related to over
consumption or under consumption of nutrients. - Specific problems are malnutrition, obesity, and
excessive or deficient vitamins and/or minerals.
27IMPAIRED IMMUNITY
- Impaired immunity occurs when some part of the
system malfunctions. - Allergy the immune response is too intense or
hypersensitive to an environmental substance. - Allergen environmental substance that causes a
reaction
28IMPARIED IMMUNITY
- Autoimmunity the immune response attacks its own
self. - Examples of autoimmunity diseases include
rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever
29IMMUNODEFICIENCY
- The immune response is unable to defend the body
due to a decrease or absence of leukocytes,
primarily lymphocytes. - Individuals are usually asymptomatic except for
recurrent infections.
30AGING
- An individuals body actually begins to age at
physical maturity around age eighteen. - Diseases related to aging are often called
degenerative diseases.
31MECHANISM OF AGING
- HEREDITY
- LIFESTYLE
- STRESS
- DIET
- ENVIRONMENT
32DEATH IN TISSUES ORGANS
- CELLULAR INJURY may be due to some type of
trauma, hypoxia, anoxia, drug or bacterial
toxins, or viruses. - The ability of the cell to survive depends on
several factors including the amount of time the
cell suffers and type of cell injury.
33CELLULAR ADAPTATION
- Cells that are exposed to adverse conditions
often go through a process of adaptation. - Some adaptation are permanent and sometimes the
cells have the ability to change back to their
normal structure and function.
34TYPES OF ADAPTATION
- ATROPHY
- HYPERTROPHY
- HYPERPLASIA
- METAPLASIA
- DYSPLASIA
- NEOPLASIA
35CELL TISSUE DEATH
- Necrosis is defined as cellular death.
- Most common causes anoxia hypoxia
- Hypoxia caused by decreased blood flow is called
ischemia.
36TYPES OF GANGRENE
- WET occurs when the necrosis was caused by sudden
stoppage of blood flow. - Dry occurs when blood flow has been slowed for a
long period of time before necrosis occurred (ie
advanced diabetes).
37TYPES OF GANGRENE
- Gas gangrene occurs with dirty, infected wounds.
The tissue becomes infected with anaerobic
bacteria that produce a toxic gas. This is an
acute, painful and often fatal type of gangrene.
38ORGANISM DEATH
CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING BRAIN DEATH
Lack of response to stimuli
Loss of all reflexes
Absence of respiration or breathing effort Lack
of brain activity as shown by an EEG
(electroencephalogram)