Cause and Effect

1
Cause and Effect

• In Argumentation

2
Pattern of Argumentation a suggestion

• A. Introduction
• Arousing interest emotion appeal
• State your position.
• B. Body
• Clarify your major argument, and then give
  sufficient reasons to support your position.
• Indicate one or two of the more important
  arguments against your position.
• Refute the positions you have just stated.
• Present additional arguments in support of your
  position.

3
Pattern of Argumentation a suggestion (2)

• C. Conclusion
• Restate your position on the issue.
• Present an emotional appeal for your position,
  perhaps warning what might happen if your
  position is not accepted.
• How about a debate?
• An argument can be refuted with evidence, or
  through examining its faulty logic or un-examined
  premise.

4
Cause and Effect -- In most situations, more
than one cause or effect is involved

• Specific wording, modification
• (100) wholly. (99) Practically
  all of
• (95) almost entirely (90) Nearly all
• (80) By far the greater part of his fortune...
• (70) The greater part of his fortune...
• (60) More than half of his fortune...
• (55) Rather more than half of his fortune...
• (45) Nearly half of (40) A large part
  of
• (30) A considerable part of (25) Part of
• (15) A very small part of (10) Not much of
• (5) A very small part (1) An
  inconsiderable part of
• (0) None of his fortune..(source)

5
Faulty Logic? Simplify the issue Failure to
account for the various reasons

• Death deters people from committing crimes.
• It works only on those those who can think
  before they commit crimes. It can drive those
  desperado to commit more crimes.
• It turns out that the homicide rates in the
  states without the death penalty are, in some
  cases, lower than the murder rates in states with
  the death penalty. (source)
• What does the statistics prove?
  It cannot be a support for abolishment of death
  penalty either. There could be various causes.

6
Reasons for committing serious crimes which can
lead to death penalty

• serious crimes armed robbery kidnap murder
  planned serial murder
• Reasons
• a momentary impulse?
• family?
• social influence?

7
Faulty Logic? Faulty connection

• Without death penalty, the criminals would not
  learn a lesson from their penalty .
• What lesson would a dead person learn?

8
Faulty Logic? Faulty connection

• For Co-Ed Students can form a better
  understanding to both themselves and the opposite
  sex. Students get to know that everyone is equal
  and it is important to pay respect to the
  opposite sex from the differences between boys
  and girls.
• Nearness can breed contempt or even cause
  antagonism.

9
Premise

• It will be unfair for the family of the dead
  victims who were murdered by the criminals, if
  those criminals didn't have any tough punishment
  for their cruel actions.
• The purpose of law an-eye-for-eye revenge
• An-eye-for-an-eye attitude can't reduce the pain
  of the victim's parents.
• In the States the victims are asked to witness
  the execution. To get over their trauma?

10
Premise

• For Single-Sex Single schools help students to
  develop their mental health, such as avoiding
  unnecessary tease from opposite sex.
• Which type of students need protection of their
  mental health?

11
Vague expressions confusing terms

• Execution reduces dangers caused by parole.
• What leads to dangers caused by the inmates on
  paroles?
• human right whose?
• ??? 1996 ?12 ? 16 ???????????????????????,??????
  ????????,?????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ????????????(amnesty pardon parole)
• ? Does this mean that the United Nations is
  against death penalty?

12
Vague expressions confusing terms

• How can a country teach his people not to kill by
  using death penalty?
• There are different kinds of killing.

13
Vague expressions confusing terms

• For Single-Sex Single schools can preserve the
  traditional characteristics of a school with
  great reputation.
• What traditional characteristics? Innocence?

14
Misleading statistics

• selection of data
• Design of the questionnaire
• Interpretation of the figure
• inferences

15
Suggestions

• Sufficient Research, but try to avoid faulty
  inference from some statistics or singular cases.
  
• Take account of the possible premises and causes.
• Take account of the counter-arguments, give them
  credits when necessary and then refute them.
• Avoid confusion of terms.