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Chapter 1: Introduction to Scientific Research

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Scientific Methods. Induction-specific to general reasoning process ... of the Scientific Method. Allows us ... Characteristics of the Scientific Approach ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 1: Introduction to Scientific Research


1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Scientific Research
  • Why learn about the scientific research process
  • 1. To learn the research process
  • 2. To become a critical consumer of information
  • 3. Develop critical and analytic thinking

2
  • 4. Critically read a research article
  • 5. Admission into graduate programs

3
Methods of Acquiring Knowledge
  • Tenacity
  • Similar to superstitions
  • May be promoted by mere exposure
  • Problems with knowledge acquired by tenacity
  • May be inaccurate
  • Does not provide mechanism for correcting
    inaccurate knowledge
  • Used in science when a researcher persists in the
    belief of a good idea

4
  • Intuitionknowing without reasoning
  • Used in forming some hypotheses (hunches)
  • Problemno mechanism for separating accurate from
    inaccurate knowledge
  • Authorityfacts stated from a respected source
  • Can be used in the design phase of a study
  • Problemauthority can be wrong

5
  • Rationalismknowledge from reasoning
  • Used to derive hypotheses
  • Empiricismknowledge from experience
  • Observation used to collect data in science
  • Problem with this method of acquiring knowledge
  • Perception of the cause of our experience can be
    biased

6
Science
  • Just another way of acquiring knowledge
  • Assumed to be better than other methods
  • Because it is void of bias
  • Testing procedures open to public inspection
  • Not just one universal method of science
  • Methods of science has changed over the centuries

7
Scientific Methods
  • Induction-specific to general reasoning process
  • Used from late 17th to middle of 19th century
  • Still used today when generalize from specific
    experiments to general hypotheses or theory
  • Deduction-general to specific reasoning process
  • Involved in forming hypotheses from theory

8
  • Hypothesis testing-testing a predicted
    relationship from theory or experience
  • Prominent from mid 19th century to about 1960 but
    still used extensively today
  • Associated with logical positivists
  • Philosophical position started by scholars at
    University of Vienna
  • Believed that statements meaningful only when
    verifiable by observation
  • Is an inductive position-observation confirming a
    general hypothesis
  • Critic-Popper and his falisfiction position

9
Advantage of the Scientific Method
  • Allows us to make objective observations
  • Allows us to establish the superiority of one
    belief over another

10
Characteristics of the Scientific Approach
  • Controleliminating the influence of extraneous
    variables
  • Operationalismrepresenting constructs by a
    specific set of operations

11
  • Operationalism focuses on features used to
    represent a construct
  • Is essential for communication
  • Are many different ways of representing constructs

12
  • Replication
  • reproduction of results
  • By intergroup observations
  • By intersubject observations
  • By intrasubject observations
  • Reasons for failure to replicate
  • Effect doesnt exist
  • Replication study is not an exact replication

13
Objectives of Science
  • Descriptiondescribing the variables
  • Explanationidentifying causes
  • Prediction--forecasting
  • Control
  • Definitionmanipulation of conditions that
    determine a phenomenon
  • Different meanings of the word control
  • Comparison
  • Eliminating the influence of extraneous variables
  • Guidance

14
Basic Assumption Underlying Science
  • Uniformity in nature or determinism
  • Axioms underlying assumption of determinism
  • Reality in nature
  • Rationalitylogical reason for events
  • Regularity
  • Discoverability

15
Role of Theory in Science
  • Summarize and integrate existing data
  • Guide research

16
Role of Scientist in Science
  • Curiosity
  • Patience
  • Objectivity
  • Change
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