LAND NAVIGATION

1
LAND NAVIGATION

• TOPOGRAPHIC
• SYMBOLS
• Drainage Features

2
Shoreline
3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES

• Relief Features

37
10. Relief Features Methods of Showing Relief.
Depending upon the accuracy of information, the
shapes of the terrain are shown on a map by lines
representing contours, approximate contours, and
form lines. Any one or all of these methods may
be used on a single map. On medium-and
small-scale maps, significant relief features may
be shown by hachures when available data are
insufficient to warrant the use of contours. On
large- and medium-scale maps, the lines usually
are printed in brown.
38
Also, on medium-scale maps, hill shading usually
is added over the brown lines, to print gray.
This creates a three-dimensional effect and
permits a ready appreciation of the terrain,
since the hills and ridges stand out much as they
would on a relief map. On small-scale maps the
contour lines usually are printed in gray.
Normally, on small-scale maps, the contours are
supplemented by layer tints. A key box on each
map indicates the elevation bands and their
corresponding tints.
39
UNITS OF MEASURE
Units of Measure. Except in the United States and
a few other countries where the foot is the
standard unit of measure, the elevations on
military maps are in terms of the meter (39.37
inches or 3.28 feet).
40
Contours. Relief normally is shown by contour
lines. A contour line on a map represents an
imaginary line on the earth's surface, all points
of which, within permissible tolerances, are of
the same elevation above a fixed datum, usually
mean sea level. To aid the map user, every fifth
contour is a heavier line. These are commonly
referred to as index contours. The remaining
contours are called intermediate contours. In
certain areas on a map, the normal contour
interval is sometimes too large to present
significant topographic formations correctly and
supplementary half-interval contours are added.
On small-scale maps, index contours are shown by
using layer tints.
41
Contour Intervals. Contour lines are drawn on a
map at definite elevation intervals. Using a
given contour interval, the lines are far apart
in flat areas and close together in hilly areas.
Consequently, to present the best picture, the
size of the contour interval used varies with the
nature of the terrain, although normally a
contour interval is constant in a series of map
sheets. On sheets where the relief is generally
flat or gently rolling, a smaller contour
interval is used than on sheets where the relief
is generally hilly. Scale also affects the
contour interval if the contour interval on a
125,000 scale map were 5 meters, for example,
the interval used on a 150,000 map covering the
same area would be 10 meters.
42
Marginal notes
Marginal Notes. Before reading relief from the
map, the user should determine the contour
interval and the nature of any other methods used
to show relief. This information is found in the
margin of the map either in the contour interval
note or the layer tint box. Other special notes
pertaining to relief are sometimes found in the
lower margin. The user should also study the
coverage diagram or reliability diagram in the
margin to obtain additional evaluation of contour
accuracy.
43
RELIEF SYMBOLS

• Contours

44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
(No Transcript)
47
(No Transcript)
48
(No Transcript)
49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
(No Transcript)
55
(No Transcript)
56
(No Transcript)
57
(No Transcript)
58
(No Transcript)
59
(No Transcript)
60
(No Transcript)
61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)
65
(No Transcript)
66
(No Transcript)
67
VEGETATIONFEATURES
68
In General Although special care is taken in
mapping woodland cover, vegetation in many areas
is subject to rapid growth or to elimination by
cutting or burning. Before using the map, the
user should determine the last date of
information of the map (found in the notes in the
lower left margin) and gage the reliability of
the woodland information accordingly. The symbols
used indicate such features as cover suitable for
the concealment of troops, obstacles to free
passage, and landmarks in areas bearing little
vegetation. On small-scale maps, particularly the
11,000,000 scale, the vegetation is usually
omitted entirely.
69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71
(No Transcript)
72
(No Transcript)
73
(No Transcript)
74
(No Transcript)
75
(No Transcript)
76
(No Transcript)
77
COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY

• (1) Coastal hydrographic features. All features
  within the foreshore and off-shore areas,
  including permanent cultural and natural features
  which affect the navigability of the area.
• (2) Foreshore area. That area which is bare or
  awash at the hydrographic datum (low water) but
  which is covered at mean high water.
• (3) Offshore area. That area which is covered at
  the hydrographic datum.
• (4) Hydrographic datum. That stage of low tide to
  which depths are referred. This varies somewhat
  in different parts of the world.

78
(No Transcript)
79
(No Transcript)
80
(No Transcript)
81
(No Transcript)
82
(No Transcript)
83
(No Transcript)
84
(No Transcript)
85
(No Transcript)
86
(No Transcript)
87
(No Transcript)
88
(No Transcript)
89
(No Transcript)
90
ROADS
91
MOST ROADS ARE OK FOR ATV OR OTHER APPROPRIATE
VEHICLES
Unimproved Dirt Roads. These roads are suitable
only for light loads in dry weather. They are
without surface improvement and are seldom
maintained. Included are abandoned roads, fire
roads, and lumber roads. Trails. The map shows
important foot paths, foot trails, and pack
trails which can accommodate ¼-ton trucks in dry
weather. Minor and short connecting trails
usually are omitted.
92
(No Transcript)
93
(No Transcript)
94
(No Transcript)
95
(No Transcript)
96
(No Transcript)
97
(No Transcript)
98
(No Transcript)
99
RAILROADS Misc.
100
(No Transcript)
101
(No Transcript)
102
(No Transcript)
103
(No Transcript)
104
(No Transcript)
105
MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS
106
(No Transcript)
107
(No Transcript)
108
(No Transcript)
109
(No Transcript)
110
(No Transcript)
111
(No Transcript)
112
(No Transcript)
113
(No Transcript)
114
(No Transcript)
115
(No Transcript)
116
(No Transcript)
117
(No Transcript)
118
(No Transcript)
119
(No Transcript)
120
(No Transcript)
121
(No Transcript)
122
(No Transcript)
123
(No Transcript)
124
(No Transcript)
125
(No Transcript)
126
(No Transcript)
127
(No Transcript)
128
(No Transcript)
129
(No Transcript)
130
(No Transcript)
131
(No Transcript)
132
(No Transcript)
133
(No Transcript)
134
(No Transcript)
135
(No Transcript)
136
(No Transcript)
137
The following contain the approved symbols for
boundaries.
138
(No Transcript)
139
(No Transcript)
140
(No Transcript)
141
(No Transcript)