Research Paper Requirements

1
Research Paper Requirements Quotation and
Citation

• Basics and Error Correction
• 2006/4/25
• Ref. http//www.eng.fju.edu.tw/research/documentat
  ion.html

2
Outline

• Requirements
• Quotation Purposes and Kinds
• establish credibility
• Kinds Separated Integrated
• Avoid wordiness
• Altering the original text.
• Work(s) Cited
• Citing Electronic Sources
• Citing Chinese Sources
• Others

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Requirements

• The final paper will be at least 7 typed pages .
• MLA format (e.g. "Works Cited" and internal
  citation) will be followed.
• Plagiarism will be penalized with a grade of zero
  on the final paper.
• The thesis statement of your paper must be in
  your introduction, and it should be clearly
  supported in the body of your paper.
• There is a minimum of six sources
• at least one print medium
• at least one non-print medium

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Quotation

• Purposes avoid plagiarism, increase credibility
  by giving evidence or support, for close
  analysis.
• Kinds paraphrase and direct quote (further
  divided into separated and integrated)
• Things to Consider avoiding wordiness and
  over-quoting, punctuation logical transition,
  using ellipses and brackets () for alterations
  of sources.

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Quotation (1) establish critical context and
increase credibility

• Structure
• Introduction raises your question and present
  your thesis statement
• Body
• related background and critical context
• Your response to existing criticismwhich is your
  argument.

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Quotation increase credibility and establish
critical context e.g.

• Structure
• Introduction Is cosplay an eccentric game or a
  form of youth culture and art.
• Body
• Context
• Cosplay in Taiwan since 1997
• The studies of Cosplay see next page.
• Your response to existing criticismwhich is your
  argument.
• (Another example Guggenheim Museum Bilbao)
• (A different case Cloning the paper needs to
  handle a lot of controversies.)

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Quotation increase credibility and establish
critical context e.g.2

• Cosplay has been the subculture of subcultures
  (Li qtd in Shu-bau). As subculture, it is
  inevitable that most people tend to see cosplay
  as either weird or fancy. However, recently,
  both cosplay and doujinshi (???) have been more
  and more the focus of public attention. The
  recent publication of Cosplay the Secret Garden
  of Doujinshi, for instance, interviews cosplayers
  and discusses its forms of art from four
  photographers perspectives. However, as
  subculture, there is still a danger of its being
  co-opted as commercial or misunderstood as a mere
  waste of time and money.

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Work Cited

• Shu-bau ??. Ban-zhuang ian-jiou de fa-zhang.
  lt??????? --Cosplay????????gt The Development of
  Cosplay Studies. June 23 2005.
  lthttp//cosphoto.blogspot.com/2005/06/blog-post_11
  2005880055211069.htmlgt. April 24, 2006.
• ?????. COSPLAY????????? ???????2005. ?
  Romanization practice.

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Quotation (2) Kinds separated and integrated

• Principle (1) Do not skip the quotation marks if
  the words are exactly the same.
• First of all, I am going to define what
  meditation is. Meditation is the act in which
  people stop their minds from being disturbed by
  the noisy environment.effects With the complete
  relaxation of both body and mind, meditators
  reach the state of clearness of mind. effects
  There are many different religions that practiced
  meditation, and thus various postures. The most
  common one is to sit cross-legged with hands
  naturally on the legs.how

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Quotation (2) Kinds integrated

• Meditation, according to World Wide Meditation
  Center, is consciously directing ones
  attention to alter ones state of
  consciousness in order to reach a state of
  mental quietness and clearness. The most common
  posture is to sit cross-legged, and then to
  follow the meditation words, music or simply
  ones own mind to relax the mind and maintain its
  equilibrium.

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Quotation (2) Kinds separated (on grammar
translation method)

• Principle (2) Give correct internal citations.
  Avoid Wordiness
• Elementary school students who do not have
  enough exposure to English language are not
  supposed to take grammar instruction. The
  acquisition of a grammar takes place naturally
  and inevitably, providing learners experience
  appropriate opportunities for hearing and using
  the L2. (22) Moreover, Hughes pointed out that
  even a learner never had the opportunity to
  receive instruction, he/she could still acquire
  some basic grammatical rules for ordering
  elements in the English noun phrase (?).
  From this perspective, grammar instruction again
  should not need to apply to elementary school
  students, and as a result, needless to say in the
  conversation class.

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Quotation (2) Kinds separatedrev.

• Elementary school students who do not have
  enough exposure to English language are not
  supposed to take grammar instruction. Instead,
  the acquisition of a grammar takes place
  naturally and inevitably, providing learners
  appropriate opportunities for hearing and using
  the L2. Moreover, even if a learner never has
  the opportunity to receive grammar instruction,
  he/she could still acquire some basic grammatical
  rules for ordering elements in the English noun
  phrase in some natural usages (Hughes 22).. .
  . In other words, it is important for children
  in elementary school students, and especially in
  the conversation class, to acquire the language
  in some lively ways and enjoy doing it, instead
  of memorizing grammatical rules.

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Quotation (3) avoiding mis-quoting

• Multiple Entry Program
• Possible thesis
• Apparently, students here seem to get equal
  opportunities to enter college however, students
  of different family backgrounds have different
  social, financial, and cultural resources, which
  get counted more in the application and screening
  channels than in the traditional Joint Entrance
  Exam. In this paper, I will prove this argument
  both on the theoretical level and by examining
  the examples available.

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Quotation (2) Multiple Entry Program

• Social Resources
• a. definition inside and outside the family
• b. influences on childrens learning
• c. influences on Multiple Entry
• d. What discriminatory elements can be avoided.

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Quotation (2) Multiple Entry Program --influence
(1)

• If parents are active in participating school
  activities or other interpersonal reactions and
  communications, then the family has a better
  social resource outside the family, which can
  contribute to childrens learning positively.
  From Chens research, social resource within the
  family and outside the family influences
  positively both students studies and academic
  achievement. She points out in his research that,
  generally, parents from higher social status are
  more active in participating in childrens
  learning, which includes the frequent
  interactions between parents and teachers, and
  instructions or even help offered to help
  children do homework or prepare for exams (qtd.
  in Yi-Jing Chen 105). In other words, generally,
  parents from higher social status have more
  social resources both within the family and
  outside the family.

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Quotation (2) Multiple Entry Program --influence
(1)rev.

• The social resources students need in their
  education comes mostly from their family. As
  Coleman points out, parents can play an active
  role inside the family to offer children
  guidance in study, and outside the family in
  participating in school activities and
  interacting with the teachers, both of which can
  contribute to childrens learning positively.
  Following Coleman, a few researchers in Taiwan
  study the influences on elementary school
  children of parents care and discipline, their
  guidance and their expectation. (examples)
  Although not much has been done on the social
  resources outside the family, it is generally
  proved that children from better family
  backgrounds have more social resources to move on
  to middle education. (Chen 105-06).

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Quotation (2) Multiple Entry Program --influence
(2)

• What if parents of higher social status have
  better relationship with teachers than other
  parents? Will it not affect teachers when giving
  grades, adding extra points, or assigning class
  cadre members? The experience of being class
  cadre members may add points to the interviews in
  Application and Skimming-Scanning channels.
  Moreover, the number of applicants for
  Skimming-Scanning channel is limited. What if
  there are many qualified applicants who to apply
  for the same department in same university? Who
  will be chosen among them? It is obvious that
  students parents who are school committee
  members, or school teachers and so on, will be
  chosen at last. Those students have more
  advantages than others because of they own social
  resources (qtd. in Yi-Jing Chen 110). ?????

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Quotation (2) Multiple Entry Program --influence
(2)rev.

• How do students social resources influence them
  in their trying the multiple entry program? In
  Chens study of high-school entrance exams, she
  points out that students with better social
  resources can be in an advantageous position
  because their good relations with the teachers
  may help them in school to get higher grades and
  be elected as class cadres. Moreover, in direct
  entry and recommendation channels, there are such
  subjective elements as choice of recommended
  students, the writing of recommendation letter
  and the interview, all of which can benefit a
  student with better social skills and social
  connections than those without. (qtd. in Yi-Jing
  Chen 110). ?????

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Quotation methods 1) indent the long quote

• e.g. on Andersons symbols of shoes and feet
• The Red Shoes It is significant to notice
  that this symbol of shoes is not a positive
  one, for it represents the things those
  characters do not have and thus long for. Karen,
  the little girl in The Red Shoes, is punished for
  coveting the red shoes and wearing them at
  inappropriate occasionsher mothers funeral. She
  loses her feet, yet she learns a lesson. The
  lesson, however, is learned at the expense of her
  life. As she sits in the pastors house and
  listens to some childrens singing a hymn

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Quotation methods (1) indent the long quote
(2) do not quote without your own interpretation

• The organ played and the childrens voices in
  the choir sounded soft and lovely. The bright
  warm sunshine streamed through the window into
  the pew where Karen sat, and her heart became so
  filled with it, so filled with peace and joy,
  that it broke. Her soul flew on the sunbeams to
  Heaven, and no one was there who asked after the
  Red Shoes. (underline added)
• In the soft and lovely church music, Karen feels
  blessed by the sunshine, which both fills her
  heart with peace and joy and breaks it. In
  other words, to go to Heaven, Karen has to get
  her heart broken and the red shoes completely
  forgotten. Forbidden by both the church and
  Heaven, red shoes and dancing in them thus
  signify womens illicit desire for self and
  bodily assertion.

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Use Internal Citation to avoid wordiness

• Based on the dissertation, A Historical Analysis
  of Coffee Consumption in Taiwan written by
  Fan-ting, the development of coffee can be
  divided into three major periods first is from
  1930 to 1960, second is form 1960 to 1980 and the
  third is from 1980 to 1990. (41, 82, 122)

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Errors fixed

• Based on the dissertation written by Fang-ting, A
  Historical Analysis of Coffee Consumption in
  Taiwan, the development of coffee can be divided
  into three major periods the first is from 1930
  to 1960, the second is from 1960 to 1980 and the
  third is from 1980 to 1990 (41, 82, 122).

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Internal Citation

• The development of coffee in Taiwan can be
  divided into three major periods first, from
  1930 to 1960, second, from 1960 to 1980, and
  third, from 1980 to 1990 (Fan 41, 82, 122).

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Internal Citation Transition Avoiding
wordiness

• Though its future is yet uncertain, I believe
  only with creative innovation can Chinese opera
  retain its unique beauty. Like what Mei Lanfang
  said
• ????????????????????????,??????????????????,???
  ?????????????????????????????????,????????????????
  ???,???????????(qtd Chang 44)?
• Chinese opera still has its way out in this
  modern society and under the powerful pressure of
  western theatrical systems as long as it changes.

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Internal Citation Transition Avoiding
wordiness rev.

• Although its future is yet uncertain, I believe
  that only with creative innovation can Chinese
  opera retain its unique beauty. Creative
  adapation, as Mei Lanfang pointed out, means
  changing those social ideas and aesthetic
  concepts contradictory to those of our society,
  while retaining the basic format and uniqueness
  of this aesthetic tradition. It means both
  meeting both modern peoples sense of beauty, and
  maintaining the harsh training of traditional
  skills (qtd in Chang 44). This, I believe, is
  what Chinese opera must go through in order to
  withstand the powerful invasion of western
  theatrical and films systems.

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Quotation e.g. altering the original texts.

• First of all, the news is subjective, spoken
  by a person, strongly affirmed by Margaret
  Morse, a Professor of Film and Video at UC Santa
  Cruz.
• First of all, the news, as Margaret Morse points
  out, is subjective, spoken by a person (?).
• Inevitably, news broadcast is subjective, spoken
  by a person (Morse ?) integrated quotation.

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Citing Electronic Sources remember the date of
access

• Omer-Sherman, Ranen. "Jewish/Queer Thresholds of
  Vulnerable Identities in Tony Kushner's Angels in
  America." Shofar An Interdisciplinary Journal of
  Jewish Studies 25.4 (Summer 2007) 78-98.
  Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Library name,
  City, State abbreviation. 10 Apr. 2008.
  lthttp//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?directtru
  edba9hAN26023307amplangzh-twsiteehost-liv
  egt.
• Flannagan, Roy. "Reflections on Milton and
  Ariosto. Early Modern Literary Studies 2.3
  (1996) 12-45. 16 pars. 22 Feb. 1997
  lthttp//unixg.ubc.ca7001/0/e-sources/emls/02-3/fl
  anmilt.htmlgt.

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Citing Chinese Sources dont be afraid of
troubles!

• Tsai, Wen-fang (???). ???????-???????????.
  ????????. 2000, 32 147-169.
• (In Tong-Yong system)
• Cai, Wen-fang ???. Sing-ba-ke ren de dan-sheng
  (lt???????-???????????gtThe Birth of the
  Starbuck-ers An Interpretation of the Spaces of
  Urban Coffee Consumption). Shih-da di-li
  za-jhih bau-gau (????????) 32(2000) 147-169.

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Practice

• ??? Chen Ju-rueng ??????????. Extra Credit,
  Extra Pressure to Aboriginal students Chinatimes
  Foundation 16Aug. 1999. 5 Oct. 2003.
  lthttp//www.chinatimes.org.tw/news/1999/08/1999081
  6_09.htmgt.

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Practice -- correction

• Chen, Ju-Rong ???. Lien-kao jia-fen jia-zhung
  xue-sheng ya-li. lt??????????gt Extra Credit,
  Extra Pressure to Aboriginal students.
  Chinatimes Foundation 16Aug. 1999. 5 Oct. 2003.
  lthttp//www.chinatimes.org.tw/news/1999/08/199908
  16_09.htmgt.

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Work Cited Anything wrong?

• Flash, Grandmaster. Grand Master Flashs
• Definition of Hip Hop. DaveyDs Hip
  Hop
• Corner. lthttp//www.daveyd.com/whatisflas
  h.htmlgt
• Forman, Murray. The Hood Comes First.
• Middletown Wesleyan University Press,
• 2002. 23-42.

• 1. DaveyDs Hip Hop
• Corner. 19 Dec. 2002. lthttp//www.... gt.
• 2. Forman, Murray. The Hood Comes First.
• Middletown, IL Wesleyan UP, 2002.

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References

• Romanization of Chinese Citation
  http//www.eng.fju.edu.tw/research/documentation_c
  hinese.html