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Title: The evolution of Design for All in public buildings and transportation in France


1
The evolution of Design for All in public
buildings and transportation in France
Louis-Pierre Grosbois, Architect Ecole
dArchitecture, La Villette, Paris, France Hansi
Ombregt Poldervaart Stijn
Taking all physical, sensorial and mental
abilities and/or disabilities into account in
order to exercise optimal use value.
Design For All
Evolution
Change attitudes by creating a culture of comfort
of use that takes the diversity of individuals
into account.
Only recently, universal Design has become a
common term, although DFA is in fact an extension
of Commoditas, the ancient Greek concept of use
value.
2
The evolution of Design for All in public
buildings and transportation in France
Design For All ages and life situations in public
buildings
Public gt populus people, state, public
realm Publicus usus public use, use for
all building that must accommodate everybody, at
whatever age in life
What is a public buiding?
3
The evolution of Design for All in public
buildings and transportation in France
Disabilities, Limitations and Handicaps
People with intellectual, sensory or physical
disabilities must not encounter any obstacles
when trying to access information or facilities
for education, transportation and so on.
Access is a right !
Appears when the built environment cannot provide
any compensation for a persons disabilities.
Disabilities
A disabled person in an accessible building is an
able-bodied person.
Accesibility
4
The evolution of Design for All in public
buildings and transportation in France
Architecture, human requirements and accessibility
Architecture is based on three qualities (Vitruviu
s)
Firmitas solidity of construction Voluptas pleasu
re, aesthetics Commoditas adaptation to use
Only recently, universal Design has become a
common term, although DFA is in fact an extension
of Commoditas, the ancient Greek concept of use
value.
Achieving the right compromise and balance
between the three qualities.
Laying the building out so ingeniuosly that
nothing could hinder its use
Adapting to people and their uses is an
inescapable consequence of achieving this
compromise.
Quote Vitruvius
5
The evolution of Design for All in public
buildings and transportation in France
Historical background and Attitudes
Greek and Roman culture
Reducing the human body, as an ideal figure, to a
mathematical object
Applying the proportions of the human body to the
layout of buildings, and even cities
Renaissance
Modulor, a range of dimensions on the human
scale, universally applicable to architecture
Le Corbusier
Anthropometric model has been replaced by the
model of the pyramid that describes a persons
evolution through the phases of the life cycle
1960s
6
The evolution of Design for All in public
buildings and transportation in France
Historical background and Attitudes
Greek and Roman culture
The architectural notion of a unique use related
to an individual at the peak of his or her
physical an sensorial capacities disappeared, to
be replaced by the diversity of individuals, or
of the same individual throughout the phases of
the life cycle, or after an accident or an
illness.
Renaissance
Le Corbusier
The objective Vitruvius defined 2000 years ago,
to lay out the building so ingeniously that
nothing could hinder its use. was therefore
achieved as a consequence of a new concept,
dating from this end of the millennium Design
for All.
1960s
7
The evolution of Design for All in public
buildings and transportation in France
Beyond Formalism Design for All
Between the three qualitative criteria of
architecture, a compromise has to be found in
terms of design.
Construction and solidity
Voluptas
Without any dialogue or encounter between
solidity, usefulness and beauty, only inhuman
constructions can be produced.
DESIGN
Firmitas
Commoditas
aesthetics
usability
8
The evolution of Design for All in public
buildings and transportation in France
Beyond Formalism Design for All
Without any dialogue or encounter between
solidity, usefulness and beauty, only inhuman
constructions can be produced.
Good compromise
  • Reinforce the morphological an anthropological
    knowledge of humankind
  • always start from the most architecturally
    demanding limitations, or those which require the
    most extensive alterations.

Each solution is, one way or the other, the
result of a compromise, which was found more
easely when the human limitations were studied
quote A. Aalto
9
Design for All in France Four Examples
Architects need to compromise between technical,
economic, social, and aesthetic data and human
requirements In 1998, research project Living in
an Accessible City- from Uses to Design Outcome
Seven points have to be dealt with, as
differently emphasized ways of seeking out
compromises
-Language -Legal requirements -Advocacy -Planning
-Technical traditions -Accessibility follow-
through -Communications
10
Criteria for Analysis
How can we remove mental blocks while carrying
out a project
-Language -Legal requirements -Advocacy -Planni
ng -Technical traditions -Accessibility follow-
through -Communications
To which legislative framework does each project
belong
How can community Associations defend people with
disabilities
This is the faze where criteria for accessibility
are integrated in the project
Obstacles raised by technical choices have to be
dealt with
Checking if the strong intentions at the
beginning of the project have been reached
Accessibility leads to nothing if the general
public does not know about it
11
The Lille Metro System (1973-1983)
-Language
Negative terms have been replaced by positive
terms like Metro for All, Horizontal Elevator
-Legal Requirements
There were no legal requirements yet in 1973.
Therefore we can consider the project in Lille as
a Pioneer
The accessibility-for-all solution was
appreciated but was only for people with motor
deficiencies and not yet for people with
sensorial deficiencies
-Advocacy
From the beginning of the project there was
attention for persons with disabilities
-Planning
-Technical Traditions
-The quantity of persons transported on each
train was less important than the frequency of
those trains -Rolling Stock Synchronized opening
of the doors horizontal elevator
12
The Lille Metro System (1973-1983)
-Accessibility follow-through
The project manager visits and coordinates the
progress, therefore continuity is ensured
The CUDL insists that the metro is accessible to
all. The new design-for-all metro led to a
general improvement and appreciation of mass
transport a metro for all
-Communications
13
The grenoble Tram System (1978-1988)
-Language
The language used in documents about the TAG
talked about Accessibility for travelers in
wheelchairs, persons with reduced mobility,
buggies, strollers,...
-Legal Requirements
According to the law trams had to be accessible
to all and Grenoble followed this legislation to
the letter
In 1971 there was a demonstration by people with
disabilities in France, the same year a person
with a serious disability was elected to the city
council. These events had a big influence on the
opinion towards disabled people
-Advocacy
Accessibility as an urban criteria In 1976 R.
Herbin was given a consultancy assignment to
promote accessibility operations in the towns
highway maintenance
-Planning
14
The grenoble Tram System (1978-1988)
-Technical Traditions
Bogies and electrical motorization equipment in
the low part of the tram where already at such a
height that the floor was not compatible with the
level of platforms at the tramspots. A solution
herefore was putting the electrical drive
elements on the roof. A retractable door step
completed the leveling with the sidewalk
-Accessibility follow-through
In 1976 the city of Grenoble commissioned an
accessibility consultant.
The TAG won the European Community Helios award
for best transport achievements in 1989
-Communications
15
The Cité des Sciences et de lIndustrie de la
Villette, Paris (1980-1987)
-Language
Integration of persons with disabilities was
integrated from the beginning of the project.
There was a study which examined the various
disabilities of persons who make up a museums
visiting public. Also there was chosen to use the
term handicap rather than the expression disabled
persons
-Legal Requirements
The author of the 1980 law for the accessibility
of public buildings was on the team of the
architect, thus the accessibility reached largely
exceeded the requirements of the normative
framework
Because accessibility was looked at from the
beginning of the project it did not affect the
buildings beauty and practicability
-Advocacy
The buildings accessibility became possible
through the cooperation between the architect and
its consultant
-Planning
16
The Cité des Sciences et de lIndustrie de la
Villette, Paris (1980-1987)
People with disabilities where often seen as a
marginal and limited group. There where also the
professional habits of architects who were not
inclined to rethink their immediate reactions to
problems. (floating floor to hide cables)
-Technical Traditions
-Accessibility follow-through
After the museum opened the consultants
commission was extended to work with the museum
itself because accessibility can often disappear
if there is no strict follow up
The information towards the visitors works very
well. One has only to walk around the CSI spaces
to see that the challenge for social integration
has been taken up. There are a lot of disabled
people visiting the project and they are happy to
be in a large public space with other people
-Communications
17
The grande Galérie in the museum dHistoire
Naturelle, Paris (1989-1994)
-Language
The public was to be able to move through the
entire exhibition space without having to be
segregated through any specific route because
comfort and social interaction have to be sought
-Legal Requirements
The Grande Galerie opened the same year the
regulations were strengthened. It also proved
that regulations were only a minimal aspect. The
concept of free visitors flow went beyond the
literal application of legal requirements
Accessibility was commissioned from a design
office, there was no advisory committee of
associations
-Advocacy
Accessibility studies were subsequently
integrated into the specifications to take the
variety of the publics motor and sensory
disabilities into account
-Planning
18
The grande Galérie in the museum dHistoire
Naturelle, Paris (1989-1994)
-Technical Traditions
The beautiful nineteenth century display cabinets
were kept, but adapted to contemporary
museographic requirements. This case shows that
its possible to combine traditions with
technical evolution to preserve a buildings
identity
-Accessibility follow-through
A reception unit for people with disabilities is
currently created and the staff is specially
trained to guide disabled people around
The magazine Musées et Collections publiques de
France published an issue entitled How to
receive people with disabilities
-Communications
19
General lessons learned from Design for All in
France
The evolution of various elements during the past
20 years
Architectural barrier accessible
measures Handicaped person reduced
mobility Specific for handicaped use for all
-Language
-Legal Requirements
  • 1975 support implementation of accessibilit laws
  • Laws fully implemented and comfort was afforded
    to all
  • 1985 Law needed amendment because it provided
    only a minimum set of regulations

Incentive role in 1975 (Lille and
Grenoble) Consulting role with commission in 1985
-Advocacy
20
General lessons learned from Design for All in
France
Definition of new transportation
equipment Accessibility for all users, after
defining their various abilities
-Planning
-Technical Traditions
Humankind has to be considered as the key figure,
with technology playing the supporting role
-Accessibility follow-through
The Grenoble experience in 1975 and the Cité des
Sciences in 1985 created a permanent team called
an accesibility cell
-Communications
Everyones precense Added value to the image of
achievement DFA-concept developed everywhere to
ensure comfort
21
Design for All CONCLUSION
French examples of DFA reveal issues of
compromise based on cultural, technical, en
economic data.
Route to accessibility
The new design for all concept will generate a
friendlier and less aggressive evironment and
will provide benefits to all social sectors
Equitable Use Flexibility in Use Simple and
Intiutive Use Perceptible information Tolerance
for Error Low Physical Effort Size ande Space for
Approach and Use
7 principles of UD
22
Design for All CONCLUSION
Focusing on diversified uses, thes
recommendations do not go into the social and
technical comprommises that have to be
made Imposing an UD model is therefore out of the
question whitin the person/culture/techniques
interfaces Suggestion share a humanist vision
(D.A. Norman, 1996)
  • Chicago World Fair
  • scientist discover, Industry applies, and Man
    gets adapted

21th Century Man proposes, Scientists or
Architects create, an Technology gets adapted
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