Internet Governance Priorities for the AsiaPacific Region NECTECMICT Internet Governance Workshop Ba

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Internet Governance Priorities for
theAsia-Pacific RegionNECTEC/MICT Internet
Governance WorkshopBangkok, 12 January 2006
Phet Sayo UNDP Asia-Pacific Development
Information Programme
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The Internet Today

• A critical, global infrastructure
• A network of networks
• Multi-lingual, multi-cultural, multi-jurisdictiona
  l
• Constantly evolving
• Providing basis for tomorrows information
  society, global trade..

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Internet Governance The Price of Success

• Given its success and potential there are natural
  economic, social, military, political, and
  cultural concerns with respect to the power,
  control, and use of the Internet
• These concerns are commonly expressed in the term
  Internet Governance
• Internet Governance - an ill-defined term that
  has confused more than clarified
• Leading towards a fragmented and confused debate

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Important Implications of the Technical
Architecture on Policy

• Distributed control
• No center/central point of control
• Nobody can turn the Internet off
• Nobody is singularly responsible for stability of
  the Internet yet
• Everybody is collectively responsible (-in the
  aggregate).
• Independent operational and policy decisions
• Are being made everyday by those
• who form the Internet (ISPs, Technology and
  Equipment Vendors)
• who use the Internet (Businesses, Governments,
  Individuals, NGOs etc.)
• Traditional forms of top-down control have not
  worked in this environment
• Rather, methods of bottom-up coordination have
  worked well -- at least so far

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The Need for Informed Participation

• Coming to consensus
• Requires people to agree on definitions and
  problems to be solved
• This requires the participants to be both active
  and informed
• Creating this informed participation is
  difficult
• In an increasingly specialist technical
  environment
• Where subtleties of the problem are not
  understood or transparent
• Where the human resource talent is thin or
  non-existent
• Requires a concerted outreach and educational
  effort
• Requires active participation (-often in global
  environments that necessitate frequent travel)
• Something that governments can help with

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WSIS

WGIG
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WSIS Declaration of Principles

• Article 37 - Spam is a significant and growing
  problem for users, networks, and the Internet as
  a whole
• Article 48 - international management of the
  Internet should be multilateral, transparent, and
  democratic, with the full involvement of
  governments, the private sector, civil society,
  and international organizations
• Article 49 - management of the Internet
  encompasses both technical and public policy
  issues and should involve all stakeholders and
  relevant inter-governmental and international
  organizations
• Article 50 - United Nations should set up a
  working group on Internet governanceto
  investigate and make proposals for action, as
  appropriate, on the governance of Internet, by
  2005

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UN Working Group on Internet Governance
(UN-WGIG) Mandate

• develop a working definition of Internet
  governance
• identify the public policy issues that are
  relevant to Internet governance
• develop a common understanding of the respective
  roles and responsibilities of governments,
  existing inter-governmental and international
  organisations and other forums, as well as the
  private sector and civil society from both
  developing and developed countries
• prepare a report on the results of this activity
  to be presented for consideration and appropriate
  action for the second phase of WSIS in Tunis in
  2005.

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UN-WGIG Proposed Milestones

• Sep 04 - Initial consultation with stakeholders
• Oct 04 - Members of WGIG appointed
• Feb 05 - Presentation of preliminary report to
  PrepCom-II
• June 05 - 4th meeting of WGIG final drafting of
  Report
• July 05 - Submission of Report to UN
  Secretary-General
• Sep 05 - PrepCom-III
• Nov 05 - WSIS II, Tunis

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WGIG Report IGov Definition

• Internet governance is the development and
  application by Governments, the private sector
  and civil society, in their respective roles, of
  shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making
  procedures, and programmes that shape the
  evolution and use of the Internet.
• It should be made clear, however, that Internet
  governance includes more than Internet names and
  addresses, issues dealt with by the Internet
  Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
  (ICANN)

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Asia-Pacific
Open Regional Dialogue on Internet Governance

a UNDP-APDIP Initiative

with the support of IDRC of Canada
In partnership with UNESCAP, APNIC, Diplo
Foundation
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What is ORDIG?

• Open Regional Dialogue on Internet Governance
• WGIG/WSIS are the platforms, ORDIG has tried to
  give the Asia-Pacific region some voice
• ORDIG Advisory Panel
• ORDIG is advised by a distinguished Panel of
  Advisors from government, academia, private
  sector and civil society across the region
• ORDIG Partners
• principally with UNESCAP and APNIC
• APNIC role staff support, editorial support for
  website
• with financial support from IDRC

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What has ORDIG done?

• We have consulted (sub-regional consultations)
• At UNESCAPs sub-regional consultations
• and others consultations with CONGO, APRICOT,
  APEC TEL
• And we have consulted (online forum)
• qualitative and opinionated
• 180 participants 27 countries 350 posting on
  multiple threads (1st Round)
• And we have consulted (online survey)
• Quantitative results - based on issues
• Multi-lingual (English plus 11 regional
  languages)
• Over 1200 respondents from 37 countries
• Narrowed it down (research)
• Focused on identified issues from ORDIG
  consultations
• Commissioned research on these issues throughout
  the region

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What have we found out from all this?

• Our findings/recommendations are summed up in the
  ORDIG Paper
• There should be some guiding principles in
  discussing Internet Governance
• In general, six key recommendations have surfaced
• Specifically, policy recommendations are provided
  according to dimensions of Internet Governance
  Infrastructure Logical Content and
  Social/Developmental dimensions

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Guiding Principles

• Adopted from WGIG
• Terms governance and govern mean more than
  government activities
• Enabling dimension includes organized and
  cooperative activities between different
  stakeholders
• Internet governance encompasses a wider range of
  conditions and mechanisms than IP numbering and
  domain names
• ORDIG principles
• Broad, holistic and oriented towards human
  development
• Balancing global and local interests
• Maintain stability and interoperability

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General Recommendations

• Subsidiarity
• Local coordination, input and solutions are
  required for issues such as IDNs, ccTLDs, and
  localized content/software
• For this, multi-stakeholder approaches are
  required at the national, and grassroots/community
  levels
• Governments have a role
• Foster and enable an efficient market environment
• Establish and monitor broad competition
  principles ensuring benefits are equitably
  maximized
• Develop National ICT agendas to optimize
  resources and ensure coordinated participation in
  national/international governance processes
• Multi-Stakeholder participation is required
• Governance mechanisms should include all affected
  stakeholders in decision-making processes and
  implementation
• Key stakeholders include the government, private
  sector, and civil society

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General Recommendations (contd)

• Preserve cultural diversity
• Bodies responsible for international Internet
  governance functions should reflect priorities of
  all effected cultures
• Representation in decision-making processes to
  facilitate measures/implementation in an
  effective and culturally appropriate manners
• Enhance Participation with capacity building
• Governance topics are complex and require
  technical knowledge and other forms of expertise
• To participate substantially, stakeholders need
  information, knowledge, resources and
  opportunities
• Supplement law with other tools
• Law may be supplemented by innovative mechanisms,
  including codes of conduct, self-regulatory
  mechanisms, and multi-stakeholder collaboratives
• Technology itself can play a role in achieving
  governance goals, particularly FOSS for network
  stability and the development of local
  content/software.

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The Dimensions.and Specific Recommendations

• Infrastructure
• Access costs ensure competitive environment
  ease ISP licensing liberalize access to
  international bandwidth promote diversity in
  domestic infrastructure encourage peering
  between ISPs
• Voice Over Internet Protocol Legalise VOIP
  implement Quality of Service laws allocate
  number resources
• Wireless adopt spectrum management regimes
  that embrace unlicensed spectrum promote
  wireless as technology to bridge the digital
  divide
• Logical
• Domain Name System maintain one and only one
  authoritative root promote local authority over
  ccTLDs begin implementation of IDNs even if
  technical standards have not yet been perfected
• Internet Protocol Address Management develop
  fair and equitable mechanisms for IPv6
  allocations
• Technical standards increase participation in
  intl standards-creating bodies use FOSS to
  promote open standards

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The Dimensions.and Specific Recommendations
(contd)

• Content
• Content pollution ( spam, viruses, spyware)
  ensure legal steps do not diminish openness of
  the network
• Cybercrime (online fraud, phishing, terrorism)
  promote codes of conduct and self-regulation.
• Social and Developmental
• Cultural diversity enhance localized software
  and local content protect indigenous
  intellectual property rights
• Participation and capacity building make
  special effort to enhance developing country
  participation supplement participation with
  capacity building promote multi-stakeholder
  decision-making

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Survey on Internet Policy Issues in the
Asia-Pacific Region

• Across the Asia-Pacific region
• multi-language (12 languages)
• Over 37 countries participated, including Pacific
  island countries
• Over 1200 submitted questionnaire
• http//survey.apdip.net
• Online running on FOSS and implementing Unicode

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http//survey.igov.apdip.net
12 languages
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Thailand Report - Summary

• Viruses, cyber-attacks and spam are the most
  pressing issues
• Independent regulatory authority and de-licensing
  wireless technologies
• Content management/filtering is ranked as high
  priority
• Online public information

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Basic Internet Parameters Reference Countries
Source ITU, 2004
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Competition Situation as reported to ITU
Telecommunication Regulatory Database
Source ITU, World Telecommunication Regulatory
Database
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The Infrastructure Dimension Percentage of
respondents that are modestly unsatisfied,
unsatisfied or very unsatisfied with the current
status with regard to
Source ORDIG Survey Results Infrastructure
Topics
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Bandwidth Growth in Thailand 2000-2005
Source NECTEC http//iir.ngi.nectec.or.th/
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Internet Access Costs in Reference Countries
Source ITU, 2004
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The Logical Dimension Percentage of respondents
that are modestly unsatisfied, unsatisfied or
very unsatisfied with the current status with
regard to
Source ORDIG Survey Results Logical Topics
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IP v4 allocations, June 2005
Source calculations based on data by APNIC, ITU,
UNDP-HDRO
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IP v6 Allocations
Source calculations based on data by APNIC,
UNDP-HDRO
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The Content Dimension Percentage of respondents
that are modestly unsatisfied, unsatisfied or
very unsatisfied with the current status with
regard to
Source ORDIG Survey Results Content Related
Topics
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Percentage of spam in e-mails received in 2004
Prevalence of Spam, Source Messagelabs, as
quoted in Ramasubramanian, 2005
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The Social Dimension Percentage of respondents
that are modestly unsatisfied, unsatisfied or
very unsatisfied with the current status with
regard to
Source ORDIG Survey Results Social and
Development Topics
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Thank you!

Phet Sayo
phet_at_apdip.net