Title: PointofUse and PointofEntry Drinking Water Treatment CDC Household Water Filtration Study October 2,
1Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry Drinking Water
Treatment CDC Household Water Filtration Study
October 2, 2003
- Joseph F. Harrison, P.E., CWS-VI
- Technical Director
- Water Quality Association
2What are POU and POE Products?
- POU POE technologies mostly miniaturized
versions of central treatment - Several different technologies usually available
for the treatment of any contaminant - Conservative ANSI accredited protocols used in
testing these products - Many small large companies involved in POU and
POE water treatment - Standards certification programs provide high
level of confidence and credibility
3ANSI/NSF American National Standards
- Std. 42 Aesthetic effects
- Std. 44 POE softeners water hardness, barium,
radium - Std. 53 Health effects lead, cysts, TTHMs,
VOCs, MTBE, arsenic, etc, - Std. 55 Ultraviolet light (UV) POE POU Class
A B - Std. 58 Reverse osmosis systems
- Std. 62 Distillers
- All include structural integrity, material
safety, treatment performance, and approval of
labeling and literature
4History of POU and POE Products
- Aesthetic enhancement historically
- Slow evolution to health related claims
- ANSI/NSF Standards in 1980s
- ANSI accredited testing and certification
provided by NSF, UL, WQA - State certifications IA, WI, CA, MA
- Automatic water quality and end of life monitors
and customer warnings 1990s
5Todays Manufacturers and Product Variations
- 100 manufacturers, large and small
- Product types pitchers, faucet attached, under
sink, counter top, whole-house - State-of-the-art technologies carbon block,
fine filters, specialty media, RO, UV, ozone,
deionization, distillation - Capacities 25 to over one million gallons
- 0.5 to 25 gallons per minute
6Types of Products
- Personal water bottle
- Pour through pitcher
- Countertop connected to sink faucet
- Faucet attached filters
- Plumbed-in units
- Plumbed-in units with separate faucet
- Whole-house water treatment
7Examples of POU and POE filters and systems
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9POU/POE Technologies for Inorganics
- Water Softener barium radium in addition to
water hardness - Specialty media filters arsenic, asbestos,
lead, mercury - Reverse osmosis all inorganics
- Distillers all inorganics
- Deionization all dissolved ionic substances
Plumbed in Separate Tap
10Other Technologies
- Aeration for radon and other volatiles
- Anion exchange for nitrate, sulfate, chromium,
selenium, arsenic reductions - MTBE reduction at POU POE
- UV and ozonaztion for microbials
- Fine and absolute filtration for particulates and
microbials - Halogenated resin for microbials
11PRIVATE WELLS
12AESTHETIC WATER TREATMENT
- Water Hardness Reduction
- Iron, Manganese, Hydrogen Sulfide Removal
- Turbidity or Sediment (Particulate) Reduction
- Taste, Odor, Color Removal
13CONTAMINANTS OF HEALTH CONCERN
- Arsenic
- Nitrate
- Organics - Pesticides Herbicides
- Organics - Industry Activity
- Organics - Gasoline related
- Radon
- Radium Barium
- Microbiological
14AESTHETIC PROCESSES
- Cation Exchange Softening Water Hardness, Low
levels of Dissolved Iron - Oxidation Filtration Iron, Manganese,
Hydrogen Sulfide - Carbon filtration Organic Tastes Odors,
Particulates - Special Ion Exchange Process Color (Tannins,
etc.)
15Health Concern - Processes
- Arsenic (POE)
- Oxidation with Chlorine followed by Anion
Exchange - Oxidation with chlorine followed by activated
alumina (AA) or other media filtration - Special Media Filtration without oxidation
- Arsenic (POU)
- RO (with oxidation at POE), Specialty Media
Filters
16Health Concern Processescontd
- Radon Aeration and/or POE Activated Carbon
(GAC) Filtration - Radium - Cation Exchange Softening with Water
Hardness Reduction Based Service - Barium Cation Exchange Softening with Water
Hardness Reduction Based Service
17Health Concern Processescontd
- Microbiological Contamination
- Super Chlorination with liquid bleach feeders,
Contact Tank, and Dechlorination with Activated
Carbon -
- Ozonation along with Contact Tank
- Prefiltration followed by Ultraviolet Units
equipped with UV Sensors -
18Health Concern Processescontd
- Nitrate Anion exchange resin process ( Need to
be aware of sulfates levels, or use special
nitrate selective resin) - Organics of Agricultural or Industrial Origin
POE Granular Carbon or Carbon Block Units (May
need other pretreatment if levels are high) - Organics of Gasoline Origin Aeration and or
Activated Carbon Filtration
19POU and POE Water Treatment Products
20Examples of POU and POE sediment filters- cord
wound, pleated, spun-bonded, wrapped/rolled
- Sediment filter cartridges
21Examples of typical POU and POE filter housings
- Injection molded filter housings
22Examples of other POU cartridges utilizing
activated carbon
- Activated Carbon cartridges
- Granular and impregnated paper
23What are carbon blocks?
- Carbon blocks utilized for drinking water
treatment are porous, solid tubular shaped
structures made from powdered or fine granular
activated carbon.
24How are they made?
- Carbon block filters are typically formed from a
mix of powdered or fine granular activated carbon
and a polyolefin binder. The mix is heated and
compressed in a mold or extruded in the desired
tubular shape, size and length. The raw block
is then usually trimmed, covered with an outer
wrap and netting and end-capped to form the
finished filter cartridge.
25How do they work?
- Carbon block filters function both as fine
particulate filters and fixed-bed adsorbers. They
take advantage of the greater surface area of the
fine mesh or powdered carbon to provide superior
adsorptivity without the high pressure drop
usually encountered from the fine carbon in a bed
by itself. Fine filtration can be achieved
nominally down to about 0.5-1 micron. Other
adsorptive media can be added to provide
additional contaminant removal, e.g., lead,
mercury, arsenic, etc. Certain biocidal agents
can be added to provide anti-microbial properties.
26Some contaminant reduction claims for activated
carbon block filters
- Organic chemicals (VOCs, pesticides, SOCs)
- Metals (lead, mercury, arsenic)
- Taste and odor from chlorine, chloramine or other
organic odor-producing compounds - Microorganisms primarily cysts (Cryptosporidium
and Giardia), some manufacturers claim bacteria
reduction (E. coli) - Only certain claims listed can be ANSI-certified
through testing at an ANSI certified testing
laboratory or agency.
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28Examples of some typical activated carbon block
filter products
- Activated Carbon block cartridges
29UV Process
- Becoming ever more Popular
- Better Appreciation of the Process
- Revised ANSI/NSF Standard 55
- Within the last year more than 23 UV units made
by 7 different companies have been tested and
certified. All these have built in UV sensors as
required
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31Examples of filter systems UV, faucet attached,
whole house, under sink, refrigerator/icemaker,
reverse osmosis filters
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37POU Reverse Osmosis Systems and Filters
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41POE Water Softeners
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53POE Water Filters
54Automatic Feed Single Effect Distillers
55Tested and Certified Products POU Products
Certified for Health-Contaminant Reductions
56Actual Life Test Chloroform surrogate VOC
reduction for 500 gallons allowed claim
57Arsenic-2001
- USEPA MCL 10 ppb
- 5 (3400) of ground water public water systems
affected - 67 less than 500 people, less than 200
households - Costs for central treatment up to 200 per
family per month
582002-04 Demonstration Projects
- AwwaRF 2730 Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry
Implementation Feasibility Study for Arsenic
Treatment - AwwaRF 2671 Comparison of Conventional and
Unconventional Approaches for the Provision of
Water - USEPA Feasibility of an Economically
Sustainable Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry
Decentralized Public Water System - Royal Melbourne, Illinois Compliance Strategy for
Radium Removal
59POU Units in AwwaRF Study
- Activated Carbon Units certified for the
reduction of MTBE, lead, cysts, and fifty organic
chemicals all units incorporate an approaching
end-of-life warning and shutoff mechanism - RO Units certified for all of the above and 12
inorganics including arsenic V, radium, and
nitrates - UV-Activated Carbon Units certified for all
that the carbon units above are and also for more
than 2 log reduction of bacterial organisms. Also
tested for purifier status by the University of
Arizona. - Specialty iron based media in POU cartridges for
arsenic III and V.
60AwwaRF 2730 Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry
Implementation Feasibility Study for Arsenic
Treatment
- One year in-home testing, 20 homes per site at
Unity, Maine Stagecoach, NV Tucson, AZ and
Phoenix, AZ - POU reverse osmosis systems
- POU adsorbent cartridges
- Granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), Activated
Alumina (AA), Fe-AA, Mn-AA, Sorb 33, AD33 - Narasimhan Consulting Services, Inc.
61Comparison of Arsenic Treatment Costs
Source Narasimhan Consulting Services, Inc.
62USEPA - Feasibility of an Economically
Sustainable Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry
Decentralized Public Water System
- Grimes, California 125 connections, 400 people,
arsenic at 18ppb - POU activated alumina-iron based adsorbent units
- Installed at the kitchen sink in every home and
the drinking water outlets in the school and all
commercial establishments (July and August, 2002) - Develop an operational cookbook for POU
compliance by a small community - NSF International
63AwwaRF 2671 Comparison of Conventional and
Unconventional Approaches for the Provision of
Water
- Unconventional approaches public water
suppliers may need to consider in the 21st
century for compliance or supplementary treatment - Los Angeles and Contra Costa Water Districts in
California - POU RO, POU activated carbon, POU UV-activated
carbon, POU arsenic media, and faucet attached
activated carbon filters - Installed in homes for 12 months
- Bottled water, neighborhood systems, dual
distribution, and water reuse also being
evaluated - Stratus Consulting Inc.
64Royal Melbourne, Illinois Home Water Softeners
for Radium MCL Compliance
- 124 homes and a golf course
- Identical ANSI/NSF standard 44 certified water
softener in every home for 42 per month vs.
726,000 plus 30,000 per year for central
treatment - Enforceable subdivision Declaration of Covenants,
Conditions and Restrictions provides servitude to
the home owners association over all residential
properties for the purpose of water delivery
responsibilities - The association or its authorized contractor will
own all residential water softeners - Installation to take 16 weeks (compared to 13
months for central treatment) - Approved by Illinois EPA and USEPA in November
2002
65Point-of-Use (POU) Cartridge Configuration with
Granular Ferric Hydroxide (GFH) Adsorption Media
- Bed Dimensions
- - Length
- - Diameter
- Bed Volume
- Flow Rate
- EBCT (empty bed contact time)
- 7 inches (18 cm)
- 2.1 inches (5.3 cm)
- 24 cubic inches (400 ml)
- 0.6 gallons per minute (2.3 L/min)
- 10.6 seconds
66POU Cartridge Arsenic V Reduction at pH 8.5
Courtesy of Gary L. Hatch, Ph.D., Plymouth
Products and U.S. Filter Corporation
67POU Cartridge Arsenic V Reduction at pH 6.5
Courtesy of Gary L. Hatch, Ph.D., Plymouth
Products and U. S. Filter Corporation
68POU Cartridge Arsenic III Reduction at pH 8.5
Total Arsenic Concentration vs. Gallons of
Water GFH, EBCT 10.6 sec., 6-8 mg/L DO,
50/50 cycle _at_ 0.6 gpm
Courtesy of Gary L. Hatch, Ph.D., Plymouth
Products and U. S. Filter Corporation
69POU Cartridge Arsenic III Reduction _at_ pH 6.5
Total Arsenic Concentration vs. Gallons of
Water GFH, EBCT 10.6 sec., no Fe2 or Mn2,
6-8 mg/L DO, 50/50 cycle _at_ 0.6 gpm
Courtesy of Gary l. Hatch, Ph.D., Plymouth
Products and U. S. Filter Corporation
70Questions?
- Joseph F. Harrison, P.E., CWS-VI
- Technical Director
- Water Quality Association
- 4141 Naperville Road
- Lisle, Illinois 60532
- 630-505-0160
- jharrison_at_mail.wqa.org
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73Safe Drinking Water Act-1996 Section
1412(b)(4)(E)(ii)
- Feasible technologies for small systems
- Point-of-use and point-of-entry treatment units
- All units must be owned, controlled, and
maintained by the public water system or by a
person under contract with the system - POU cannot be used for microbial contaminants and
should not be used for radon or VOCs - Devices must be equipped with mechanical warnings
to automatically notify customers of operational
problems - Devices must be certified according to ANSI/NSF
standards if such certification is available
74USEPA Guidances
- Centrally Managed Point-of-Use Compliance
Strategy Analysis of Implementation Issues - (March 2002)
- Guidance for Implementing a Point-of-Use or
Point-of-Entry Treatment Strategy for Compliance
with the Safe Drinking Water Act - (March 2002)
75USEPA Compliance Strategy Guidance
- Provide public health benefits required by SDWA
- Certified units
- Chronic contaminants only
- All units must be controlled by the public water
system
76USEPA Compliance Strategy Contd
- Provide public health benefits required by SDWA
- Maintenance program
- 6 months to one year
- Rapid field test
- WQA Certified Water Specialist
77USEPA Compliance Strategy Contd
- Provide public health benefits required by SDWA
- Maintenance program
- Monitoring
- Percentage of homes annually
- Statistically representative of the full
community - One-ninth of units each year
78USEPA Compliance Strategy Contd
- Provide public health benefits required by SDWA
- Maintenance program
- Monitoring
- Public outreach and participation
- 100 participation
- Cooperation for access
- Consumers must all use the treated water
79USEPA Implementation Strategy Guidance
- Monitoring Practices
- Continue to conduct all previously required
sampling at wellhead or central point of
distribution - Sample each POU or POE device at least one time
in first year - Sample finished water from one-quarter of all
households in each subsequent year - Performance data may be augmented through the use
of commercially available field testing kits
80USEPA Implementation Strategy Guidance Contd
- Pilot testing
- Run pilot tests prior to the selection and
installation of POU or POE treatment devices
81USEPA Implementation Strategy Guidance Contd
- Monitoring Practices
- Pilot testing
- Case Studies
- 42 different community experiences with centrally
managed POU and POE treatment listed, e.g. - San Yisidro, NM arsenic and fluoride
- Fallon Naval Air Station, NV arsenic
- Kings Point, VA fluoride
- Hudson, WI TCE, TCA, PCE, DCE
- Suffolk County, NY - aldicarb
82USEPA Implementation Strategy Guidance Contd
- Monitoring Practices
- Pilot testing
- Case Studies
- Tools for public education
- Direct personal interaction
- Print media
- Notices
- Brochures
- Posters
- Public service announcement
- Radio and television
83USEPA Implementation Strategy Guidance Contd
- Monitoring Practices
- Pilot testing
- Case Studies
- Tools for public education
- Model ordinance language
- Legal servitude over all private properties for
the purpose of regulating, controlling, and
maintaining the water delivery and treatment
infrastructure - Access for installation, maintenance, and repairs
or replacement - Suspension of utility service
84Advantages of POU for Compliance
- Lower Cost in Small Systems
- Independently Tested Certified Products
- Shifting of Capital Cost Burden to the Mfr/Dealer
- Speed of Implementation
- Availability of Trained and Certified Personnel
for Installation and OM
85Lower Cost
- Less than 1 of household water is used for
ingestion - POU can treat drinking and cooking water to a
premium quality and does not need to treat
washing, flushing, irrigation, fire fighting and
industrial water supplies - POU treated water is often as close to the MCLG
as can be analytically measured - POU is generally 15 to 30 per month, central
treatment for less than 300 people can be 50 to
230 per month per household - Heartland Mobile Park, Utah would have to
raise water rates 230.37 per month per family
for central treatment for arsenic.
86No Up-Front Capital Costs
- Equipment rental and service agreements from POU
and POE companies. - Typically (for turn-key operation)
- 15 to 30 per month for POU
- 20 to 45 per month for POE
87Speed of Implementation
- Months to install POU or POE
- Years to finance, design and construct central
treatment
88Trained Personnel
- 2000 POU and POE certified personnel
- WQA Certified Water Specialists
- WQA Certified Contractual Operators for Small
Water Systems
89Aqueous Chemistry of Arsenic
- Found primarily in the inorganic form
- Two different oxidation states
- arsenate (As5 or AS V)
- arsenite (As3 or As III)
- As V exists as negatively charged ions (HAsO42-
H2AsO41-) in the normal pH range of drinking
water - As III is a neutral species (H3AsO3) below pH
9.2 - )
90Arsenic Chemistry
- As III H3AsO30, H2AsO3-1, HAsO3-2
- As V H3AsO40, HAsO4-1, AsO4-2
91ANSI/NSF Standard Arsenic Test Water - background
parameters
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Sulfate (SO42-)
- Nitrate (NO3-) as nitrogen (N)
- Fluoride (F-)
- Silicates(SiO2)
- Phosphates (PO4) as phosphorous (P)
- Calcium (Ca2)
- pH
- 12 milligrams per liter (mg/L)
- 50 mg/L
- 2 mg/L
- 1 mg/L
- 20 mg/L
- 0.04 mg/L
- 40 mg/L
- 6.5 and 8.5
92ANSI/NSF Standard Arsenic Test - feed conditions
- Claim for arsenic V
- AsO43-
- Claim for arsenic III AsO33-
- 50 or 300 parts per billion (ppb) As V
- 0.5 mg/L free chlorine
- pH 6.5 and 8.5
- 50 or 300 ppb As III
- _at_pH 6.5
- 0.3 mg/L Fe2
- 0.05 mg/L Mn2
-
- _at_pH 8.5
- no Fe2 and no Mn2
-
93Adsorptive Mediafor removal of arsenic from
drinking water
- Base Material
- Activated Alumina AA, Modified AA
- Iron Oxide, Hydroxide, Iron Coated
- Other Lanthanum Oxide, Zeolites, and others
94Arsenic Removal Adsorptive MediaListed in
NSF/ANSI 61
95Arsenic Adsorption Processes
- Process Removal
- Activated Alumina 90
- Iron Media 90
96Adsorption Media Kineticsfor Arsenic
97Arsenic Adsorptive Mediawater quality factors
that impact arsenic removal capacity
- pH of source water
- Competitive ligands such as SiO2, PO4, etc.
- Concentration of As and other ligands
98Activated Alumina SelectivitypH 5.5 8.5From
Clifford. AWWA, WQT 5th ed
- OH-1 H2AsO4-1 Si(OH)3O-1 F-1 HSeO3-1
HCO3-1 Cl-1 NO3-1 - Iron based media and other materials (?)
- (silica and phosphate)
99Arsenic Adsorption Capacity
100Adsorption Media Cost
101POU/POE Technologies Available For Compliance
Requirements
102Contaminants
- Inorganics
- Synthetic Organic Chemicals
- Radium Other Radionuclides
- Microbials (POE Only)
- Volatile Organic Chemicals (POE Only)
103INORGANICS INCULDED IN ANSI/NSF STANDARDS
- Arsenic, Asbestos, Barium, Cadmium, Copper,
Fluoride, Chromium (Hexavalent Trivalent),
Lead, Mercury, Nitrite Nitrate, Radium 226/228,
and Selenium
104POU/POE Technologies for Inorganics
- Water Softener Barium Radium in addition to
Water Hardness - Media Filters Arsenic, Asbestos, Lead,
Mercury - RO All Inorganics
- Distillers All Inorganics Except for Asbestos,
Radium, Nitrites and Nitrates (Not covered
presently in Std 62)
Plumbed in Separate Tap
105SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS
106Synthetic Organics Reductions Included in
Standard 53
- Chloroform reduction has been substantiated as a
surrogate for these synthetic organics - Alachlor, Atrazine, Carbofuron, 2,4-D,
Dibromochloropropane, Dinoseb, Endrin, Ethylene
Dibromide, Heptachlor, Heptachlor Epoxide,
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, Lindane, Methoxychlor,
Pentachlorophenol, Simazine, 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
plus 34 other volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) - The following can be tested by themselves
separately Chlordane, PCBs, Toxaphene
107Surrogate Testing With Chloroform
- 300 ppb chloroform in the influent water to be
reduced to below 15 ppb in the effluent water
during the entire test. - A unit with an end of life indicator is tested to
remove contaminants for 120 of its claimed life. - A unit without an end of life indicator is tested
to remove contaminants for 200 of its claimed
life. - An example of an actual test of a unit with a
claimed life of 500 gal with a shut off device is
shown here next
108Actual Life Test Chloroform surrogate VOC
reduction for 500 gallons allowed claim
109Tested and Certified Products Products Certified
by NSF Intl and WQA for Organics
- For VOC Reduction Claim
- 25 companies and 115 products
- For Chlordane, PCBs, Toxaphene Reduction
Claims - 7 companies and 45 products
-
110RADIONUCLIDES
111Radium Reduction By Ion Exchange
- Relative affinity of ions for cation
exchange resins - Radium 13.0
- Barium 5.8
- Calcium 1.9
- Magnesium 1.67
- Sodium 1.0
112Radium Barium Reduction
- 282 products made by 15 companies have been
certified for radium and barium reductions by the
Water Quality Association or by NSF Intl - A steady state of operation is achieved for
radium sorption when a softener is operated in
normal fashion - Radium never breaks through before hardness in
all of the experiments conducted by Dennis
Clifford and his coworkers. This has also been
substantiated by Vern Snoeyinks work at the
University of Illinois
113POU Products For Radionuclides Reduction
- POU RO POU ion exchange (IE) recognized by EPA
as Available Compliance Technologies for small
systems for the reduction of radium and all the
other radionuclides - Many POU RO systems have been certified for
radium reduction -147 products by 33 companies - No known POU IE products currently in the market.
No POU protocol in Std 53 or Std 44 - No protocol for other radionuclides in any of the
standards at this time
114MICROBIALOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
115Microbiological Purification
- New comprehensive ANSI/NSF standard for
microbiology in development - Cyst reduction covered in Standard 53
- Std 55 Std 62 cover specific aspects of
microbial issues - Std 55 recently updated using MS2 as a surrogate
for validation of UV Units - Std 62 uses Bacillus subtilis as a surrogate to
validate the capability of a distiller
116USEPA Guide Standard Protocol
- Drafted in 1987. Covers halogenated resin, UV,
and ceramic filters. Has become the reference
guide in this area - Uses Klebsiella terigena, a mixture of polio
rota-viruses, and giardia and Cryptosporidium
cysts as test organisms - Requires reduction of 6 logs of bacteria, 4 logs
of viruses, and 3 logs of cysts under a set of
water quality conditions and operating sequence
of cycles and sampling
117Standard 55 UV Units
- Uses MS2 Bacteriophage and verifies the UV dose
at the set point to be no less than 40 mJ/sqcm
for Class A performance. Requires the use of UV
sensors for sounding an alarm when not effective - This dose level has been universally accepted as
capable of yielding more than 4 log inactivation
of viruses, 6 log reduction of bacteria, and 3
log reduction of cryptosporidium giardia - Units certified for Class B (16 mJ/sq cm) are to
be offered only for aesthetic improvement
118Certified Ultraviolet Light (UV) Units
- Only 5 POE products made by 3 companies have been
listed as of now. - No POU products carry such certification
- Certified POE products have been verified to be
operable at flow rates ranging from 8 to 18 gpm,
appropriate for single home point of entry
applications
119Purifier Protocol Testing
- Outside the standard related activity, NSF and
many Universities such as U of AZ and U of S FL
offer performance tests using the EPA Guide
Protocol as the general basis - Following are shown the actual data from tests
done by U of AZ on a Distiller product a UV
product
120Purifier Test Data- UV UNITUniversity of Arizona
to the USEPA Guide Standard and Protocol
- BACTERIA
- E.coli, S.typhimurium, S.dysentariae,
V.cholerae, K.teregena - VIRUSES
- Polio simian rota-
- CRYPTO GIARDIA
121Purifier Test Data- DistillerUniversity of
Arizona to the USEPA Guide Standard and Protocol
- Bacteria
- E.coli, S.typhimurium, S.dysentariae,
C.jejuni, Y.enterocolitica, V.cholera,
M.fortutium, K.teregena - Viruses
- HAV, Adeno type2, Polio, Simian rota
- Cryptosporidium
- 99.9999
- 99.9999
- 99.99
- 99.9
122POU/POE REGULATORY ISSUES
123POU Related Issues Faced by State Regulators
- Requiring 100 household participation
- Ownership, access, and control issues
- Implementation requirements (canister
replacement, monitoring, etc.) - Public education acceptance issues
124Regulatory Implementation Issues
- 100 enrollment if recalcitrant households
- Can 1or few hold entire community hostage?
- What if some already have good or better POU
systems in place? - What if a household drops out after program in
place? - Denying water service Raises other concerns?
- Monitoring requirements and interpretation
- Not same as central treatment system regime
- Use of Surrogates?
- If above MCL, replace canister and recheck
125Regulatory Implementation Issues (cont.)
- Maintenance Canister replacement frequency
- Designed, tested, certified for 1500 gallons
- Auto shut-off at 500 gallons (1 to 2 years of
use) - US EPA Guidance calls for replacing every 6
months to one year (1 L/day ? 3 people ? 183
days 148 gallons) - Single faucet versus whole house treatment
- Waste disposal issues (canisters and reject
water)
126Regulators Need to Find a Suitable Balance
- If safety margins too precautionary, POU loses
cost effectiveness (e.g., canister replacement) - Chronic versus acute risk needs to be considered
(e.g., for monitoring regime) - If POU discouraged, the alternative may be
- Very high compliance costs for households, or
- Prolonged noncompliance for some small systems
(i.e., no additional public health protection)
127Responses from Regulators at ASDWA
- Guidance vs. regulation
- Full coverage mandated
- Compliance monitoring vs. surrogate analysis
- Treated water from only one faucet
- HPC issues
- General hesitation and concern
- Proposal by Georgia to ban the use of POU for
compliance
128Advantages of POU for Compliance
- Lower Cost in Small Systems
- Independently Tested Certified Products
- Speed of Implementation
- Shifting of Capital Cost Burden to Mfr/Dealer
- Availability of Trained and Certified Personnel
for Installation and OM
129Conclusions
- Growing interest in and role for POU other
unconventional approaches - USEPA and state regulators are determining what
is acceptable for compliance - Cost advantages can enable greater compliance and
better public health protection (especially at
small CWS) - Administrative feasibility, burdens, and costs
- Implications for states beyond MCL compliance
130Tested and Certified Productsby WQA and NSF Intl
131ANSI/NSF Standards
- Std 44 Water Softeners
- Std 53 Filters - Health Effects
- Std 55 UV Systems
- Std 58 RO Systems
- Std 62 Distillers
132Volatile Organics
- EPAs limitation is to use only POE for VOC
Reduction due to concerns about dermal and
inhalation related concerns - There are no POE unit tested and certified for
VOC Reduction by any of the testing and
certification organizations at this time
133POU Distillers
134ANSI/NSF Standard 62
- Chemical Reductions certified by TDS Surrogate
- Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead,
Nitrite and Selenium covered by TDS - Fluoride and mercury not included and must be
tested separately to make the reduction claim
135Automatic Feed Single Effect
- Most POU distillers fall into the category of
automatic feed single effect - Can vary greatly in size, design and controls
- Produce about one gallon of distilled water per 3
kilowatt-hours of electricity - Can be water or air cooled
136Automatic Feed Single Effect Distillers