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1864: Things Fall Apart

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Anaconda plan (Rivers, Capital, Trade, Constrict) ... Lawless stragglers (Rebel/Union/local) Not stopped; were ruthless (rape/pillage/etc) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: 1864: Things Fall Apart


1
1864 Things Fall Apart
  • Union Strategy vs. Confederate strategy
  • Focus of Union Army
  • Military developments (VA)
  • Election of 1864
  • Military and politics combined
  • Radical Republicans vs. Peace Democrats
  • Reconstruction begins Louisiana/Arkansas
  • Shermans March begins

2
Post-Gettysburg Strategy
  • Pre-Gettysburg
  • Maneuver for land
  • Anaconda plan (Rivers, Capital, Trade, Constrict)
  • Green troops, new conscripts, fight for the Union
  • Turn towards a moral for emancipation..new war
    aims
  • New realm emerged
  • Hardened troops, lessons learned, dwindling
    resourcesIts a new war
  • Demoralization of troops
  • War is Cruel

3
New leaders
  • Lincoln relinquished control
  • Let military leaders lead
  • Take politics out new cold approach
  • US Grant General in Chief
  • But will control Army of the Potomac (Meade)
  • He will either win it or lose it
  • William Sherman, Phil Sheridan, Thomas, Sigel,
    will emerge
  • Regionalize War
  • Coordinated effortfirst time in the war

4
Union Coordination
  • Grant was determined to have no more sideshows
  • Minor battles, conflicts, etcpurposeful fighting
  • Remorselessly use force and bring the south to
    its knees
  • Those not skinning can hold a leg approach
  • Grant (Meade) Wherever Lee goes, you go. Crush
    them
  • Sherman take Atlanta make them cry mercy
  • Sheridan (Calvary), Sigel destroy the farmland
    in the Shenandoah
  • Banks Secure southern Gulf Coast
  • Ben Butler move up the James river occupy
    Rebs, take Richmond

5
SIGEL/SHERIDAN
Butler
GRANT/MEADE
SHERMAN
NATHANIEL BANKS
6
Confederate Issues
  • Many great leaders had been killed
  • Jackson, AS Johnston to name a few
  • Force was a Band of Brothersprimary group
    cohesion
  • Many reenlisted before their term was up
  • If defeated, we have everything to hope for in
    the future. If defeated, there will be nothing
    left for us to live for.
  • RE Lee
  • Sense the desperation
  • Morale is spottyreligious revivalism
  • Confederate Congress had abolished Substitution
    (1864)
  • All those guys were now called
  • Forced men to remain when their term was up
  • Changed age limits (17-50)
  • The Whos who of Union generals are now in
    control (Grant, Sherman, Sheridan)

7
Union Issues
  • Many of the 3 year enlistments were up just
    before 1864
  • Veteran Rebels against Green Yankees would mean
    disaster
  • Congress relied on persuasion and inducements
  • Re-enlistment would get you a special chevron
  • 30 day furlough
  • 400 federal bounty, and state/local bounties
  • Ability to retain regimental identity (force peer
    pressure)
  • 136,000 veterans re-enlisted
  • New conscripts were not desirable (deserters,
    crooks, etc)
  • Confederates felt the need to prolong war
  • Force a Union decision in the Election of 1864
    (well talk about soon)

8
Lincoln Re-Election Issues
  • Two factors loomed over this election
  • War weariness in the North
  • Radical Republican/Peace Democrats hatred of
    Lincoln (due to war management)
  • Lincolns fate depended on the military gains of
    his army
  • War as the pursuit of political goals by other
    means
  • Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz

9
War Weariness in the North
  • By the summer of 1864, the Union was deadlocked
  • Sherman stuck outside Atlanta (well cover in a
    bit)
  • Grant stuck in the Siege of Petersburg (well
    cover in a minute)
  • Lee felt as though this could tie into military
    struggle
  • Subsist, not conquer to get a new president
  • War is done is a Peace Democrat wins
  • Lincoln made terms for south clear (and unlikely)
  • Emancipation and loyalty (10) (GAS ON FIRE)

10
War Weariness continued
  • Prison camps and draft riots dragged down Union
    morale
  • Fed troops were used to put down rebellions in
    Ohio, Illinois, and New York
  • Many Copperheads pleaded failure of Lincoln
    administration
  • Openly confessed lack of will to fight
  • New draft for 500,000 men was called for

11
Peace vs. War Issue
  • Democratic party split
  • Peace democrats/war democrats
  • Nominated George B McClellan
  • McClellan ran on a platform of armistice and
    negotiation for peace (with slavery)
  • Had a Copperhead VP Pendleton
  • Lincoln felt as though he had no shot
  • Had almost given up empty and worn out
  • Needed good news from the military front to boost
    his campaign

12
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14
Reconstruction Issues
  • Lincolns proposal to restore the Confederacy
    Amnesty
  • Part of Wartime Reconstruction
  • Oath of Allegiance to the Constitution and
    Proclamations concerning slavery
  • Once 10 of voters from 1860 did this, the
    tangible nucleus could establish a state
    government
  • Confederate officials and high ranking officers
    excluded
  • Struggle between Executive Branch and Legislative
    Branch
  • President and Congress who will establish
    control of Reconstruction
  • Secession was illegal and southern states in
    UNION!!!
  • Others disagreedvoided their rights

15
Radical Republicans
  • Believed he was too weak
  • Crush the south and make them pay
  • Belief that rebellious states ceased to exist
  • state suicide
  • Wanted the Union to be the conqueror and redraw
    the map
  • Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 displayed this

16
Wade-Davis Bill 1864
  • Ironclad oath by Southerners (50)
  • NEVER supported Confederacy in any way
  • Never voluntarily taken up arms against the
    north
  • The Damnesty OathHa-ha
  • Broke Bills of Attainder and ex post facto laws
  • No jury and decriminalize an act
  • Lincoln pocket-vetoed it
  • Dont sign it before Congress adjourns, cant
    override it
  • Politicized the whole issue
  • Argument over enfranchisement of slaves/mandate
    of emancipation/black suffrage

17
Free labor vs. slave labor system
  • Influx of northerners into south
  • Fix the ills of the Confederacy
  • Education, medicine, etc for blacks (Lincoln)
  • Economic needs prevailed
  • North/England needed cotton
  • Army put ex-slaves to work
  • For wage, free or other
  • Some freedmen leased land, others exploited
    freedmen
  • Many freedmen had wages withheld, freedoms
    restricted, regulations

18
Battle field developments 1863
  • Wilderness (Early May 1864)
  • Spotsylvania (Late May 1864)
  • Cold Harbor/Petersburg (June)
  • Atlanta

19
MAP
  • Overland-Petersburg

20
Shermans approach
  • War is War, and not popularity seeking
  • Lay siege and force total evacuation of the city
  • Read letter
  • September 2 1864 Atlanta seized!
  • The Election of 1864 is seizedneeded boost
  • Concept of Total War emerged (READ LETTER)
  • Something queer happened
  • Hood withdrew into Tennessee to draw Sherman out!
  • Sherman burned Atlanta

21
Shermans Approach to Atlanta May-Sept 1864
22
Sherman makes Georgia howl
  • The purpose was to make all feel the hand of war
  • Had broken the shell and found hollowness
  • Break their spirit
  • Goal cut off supply lines, live off the land
    and march to the sea
  • Make Southern heartland his own.

23
The Goal
  • March to the sea
  • Use 3 different routes about 60 miles wide
  • Regular foraging parties were sent out
  • Take food off the land
  • Smoked meats, veggies, fruits, etc
  • Burned the rest (including homes)
  • Bummers were a problem
  • Lawless stragglers (Rebel/Union/local)
  • Not stopped were ruthless (rape/pillage/etc)
  • Couldnt spare the manpower

24
Death Blow
  • South couldnt protect itself
  • All industry, agriculture and infrastructure was
    destroyed
  • Lees soldiers on starvation rations
  • Union army feasted on Southern goods
  • Prevent any supplies from helping the Confederacy
  • Sherman presented Lincoln with a Christmas gift
    of Savannah on Dec 24

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