Prenatal Child Development and Birth Ch.19

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Prenatal Child Developmentand Birth (Ch.19)

• Robbie Sixto Nicholas Munarriz

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Section 1The Beginning of the Life Cycle

• The human body begins as one cell.(486)
• This is formed when egg cells( ovum female) and
  sperm cells (male) meet
• The union of these to cells is called
  fertilization. (conception)
• The cell resulting from fertilization is called
  the zygote.
• Zygote begins to travel down fallopian tube while
  constantly dividing.
• Within the following days the zygote attaches to
  the uterine wall this is called implantation.
• A group of cells develop between 3rd and 8th week
  of pregnancy is called the embryo.
• After 8th week the fetus.

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Embryonic Growth

• Embryo grows cells cont. dividing (pg 487)
• Forms three tissue layers- later assimilates body
  parts
• Layers develop respiratory, and digestive
  systems, Muscles, bones blood vessels, skin,
  nervous system, sense organs, and mouth
• Two structures form outside the embryo.
• Amniotic sac, and umbilical cord.
• Amniotic sac- Thin fluid filled membrane protects
  embryo by surrounding it .
• Umbilical cord- connects embryo to mothers
  placenta
• Placenta-Thick , blood rich particles that line
  uterus nourishes, embryo
• Materials from blood diffuse and travel through
  umbilical
• If harmful drugs are used they can cross the
  placenta and harm the embryo

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Fetal Development

• Conception through birth takes about 9 months on
  average (488)
• 9 months divided into three month periods called
  trimesters
• During the growth period in the uterus the fetus
  prepares to live outside mothers body (489)
• Organs develop mature, and ultimately operate on
  their own
• After 7th month baby gains fat, fat is used to
  keep warm after birth
• Fetus stores nutrients and builds immunity and
  protection from diseases and infections

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Stages of Birth

• In final weeks of pregnancy fetus is crowded in
  the uterus (490)
• Babies head often moves to lower part of uterus
  (in preparation for birth)
• Often females experience muscle contractions of
  uterus for weeks through months before baby is
  born
• When the baby is close to being born contractions
  become stronger, regular, and closer in time.
• These strong contractions induce labor
• Labor- The final stage of pregnancy in which
  uterus contracts and pushes baby out of the body
  of the mother 3 stages.
• Dilation- cervix, or opening to uterus widens
  2)passage through birth canal 3)Afterbirth-
  contractions continue until placenta is pushed
  from mothers body. (491)

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Section 2 Prenatal Care

• Prenatal care should begin as soon as pregnancy
  is confirmed (492)
• Prenatal care- Steps that a pregnant female can
  take in order to provide for her health and the
  health of her baby.

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Importance of Prenatal Care

• First decision needed to be made is who will
  provide prenatal care
• Obstetrician- doctor who specializes in the
  treatment of pregant women
• Most pregnancies take place in hospitals
• Some births take place in birthing centers
• Birthing center- a facility where women with low
  risk pregnancies can deliver their baby.
• Prenatal visits will include complete physical
  (493)
• The purpose is to spot problems with female so
  they may be corrected
• Baby will also be monitored usually with an
  ultrasound machine
• These visits also monitor behavior of baby and
  mother

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Proper nutrition During Pregnancy

• Unborn babies depend on mother for nourishment.
• Therefore mother needs more nutrition than any
  other time in their lives.
• Calcium- Builds strong bone, teeth, and healthy
  muscles. Also helps develop heart rhythm
• Protein- Helps form muscle/tissue
• Iron-Makes red blood cells, and bone growth, and
  eye development
• Vitamin b complex- helps in forming immune
  system.
• Folic acid- helps contain central nervous system
  in tube structure tube forms 17 to 30 days after
  conception.
• To much wait gain or wait loss can harm fetus
  (494)
• High intake of caffeine can lead to birth defects
  and low birth rate.
• Physical activity can be beneficial to pregnant
  female4 and developing child
• Female should discuss with doctor before begging
  any physical program

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The Health of the Fetus

• Pregnant female must be very careful about what
  she puts in to her body. It will affect baby.
• Tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs affect babies
  health negatively
• Smoking will harm fetus
• Smoking leads to up to 30 percent of low weight
  baby cases, 14 percent of premature birth, and 10
  percent of all infant deaths.
• This also may affect mental health of a child
  until they are 11 years old
• Low birth rate is the leading cause of death in
  children under 12 months old
• Alcohol quickly passes through umbilical cord to
  fetus.
• The fetus breaks down alcohol slowly.
• This can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome.
• Fetal alcohol syndrome (fas)- Alcohol related
  birth defects.

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Medicines other Drugs, and Pregnancy

• Doing drugs while pregnant can have a serious
  affect on fetus (495)
• Even over the counter medicines should be
  approved by doctor
• Drugs make the body less suitable to support
  pregnancy
• Illegal drugs can cause in addition to less
  support, birth defects, premature labor, and
  miscarriage
• Baby can be born addicted to drugs
• Baby may fail to bond with parents
• Baby may be hypersensitive or irritated

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Environmental Hazards

• Sometimes fetus is affected negatively from
  common everyday things in environment (496)
• Some things include Lead, Smog, Radiation, Cat
  litter, household cleaning products.

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Complications during Pregnancy

• One complication of pregnancy is miscarriage
• Miscarriage- the spontaneous expulsion of fetus
  that occurs between twentieth week of pregnancy.
• Stillbirth-a dead fetus expelled from mother
  after 20th week.
• This can be caused by drugs, alcohol, and serious
  environmental issues.

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Ectopic Pregnancy

• Eptopic pregnancy occurs when the zygote implants
  in the fallopian tube, abdomen, ovary, or the
  cervix (497)
• Ectopic pregnancy occurs because fertilized egg
  does not pass through to the uterus
• Reasons Inflation or std .
• This can be treated by removing the fetus from
  the females body

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Lesson 3 Heredity and Genetics

• Heredity- is the passing of traits from parents
  to their children
• Examples Eye , hair colors, shape of ears or
  nose
• Surroundings can influence a persons traits. You
  can be born tall but mal-nutrition can make you
  short.

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Chromosomes and Genes

• Most cells contain nucleuses the cells control
  center (499)
• Inside the nucleus is the chromosome.
• Chromosome-Threadlike structures found within the
  nucleus of the cell that carries the code for
  inherited traits.
• Genes (in the chromosome) Carry codes for
  specific traits
• One gene from each parent is inherited they
  appear in pears

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DNA

• DNA- The chemical unit that makes up chromosomes
• All living things are made up of DNA
• Bases make up the structure of DNA
• The order of the bases is called the genetic code
• This is used to make proteins
• Proteins result in various individual traits
• Your DNA is different from everyone else except
  for identical twins.

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Genetics and Fetal Development

• Most human cells contain 46 chromosomes-23 each
  parent
• Zygote contains the 46 chromosomes
• These carry traits of parents
• As zygote divides the cells split each cell has
  46 chromosomes eventually trillions are created
  which forms the human body

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Dominant and Recessive Genes

• Some genes are dominant while others are
  recessive (500)
• Traits of dominant parent usually appear in baby
• Recessive genes appear only when dominant ones
  are not present.
• One pair of chromosomes determines the gender of
  an individual
• Females, two chromosomes are exactly alike and is
  called X chromosome
• Male, Chromosomes differ one is shorter this is
  called the y chromosome the taller one is the X
  chromosome

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Genetic Disorders

• Genetic Disorders- disorders caused partly or
  completely by a defect in genes.
• Most cannot be cured (501)
• Some can be treated- if diagnosed early
• Two technologies used to test disorders have
  emerged
• Amniocentesis- A procedure in which a syringe is
  inserted through a pregnant females abdominal
  wall into the amniotic fluid surrounding the
  developing fetus
• Chronic villi sampling- a procedure where a small
  piece of membrane is removed from chorion, a
  layer of tissue that develops into the placenta.
• Tests can also be done after child is born.

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Genetic Research to Cure Diseases

• The Human Genome project ( a project devoted to
  treating genetic disorders) this project
  successfully identified approximately 30,000
  genes on the 46 chromosomes
• Many disorders occur when an individual lacks a
  functioning gene.
• Many body needs are not produced.
• Gene therapy- is the process of inserting normal
  genes to correct genetic disorders.

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Lesson 4 Infancy and Childhood

• A human being passes through eight developmental
  periods (504)
• Each stage is characterized by Developmental
  tasks
• Developmental tasks- events that need to occur
  for someone to become a healthy mature adult
• Stages apply to infancy and childhood
• Infancy
• Infancy point of fastest growth in a persons life
• Height may increase by 50 and weight may up to
  triple (505)
• Infancy is a stage for learning
• Examples sitting, crawling, walking
• Parents must play and talk with their infants and
  give them comfort so they know the world as a
  safe place

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Early childhood

• In this stage children learn to feel proud of
  their accomplishments and become eager to learn
  more
• They learn to walk
• They increase vocabulary and begin to talk in
  full sentences
• Autonomy- The confidence that one can act on
  their own impulses
• This is bad and can be prevented through saying
  no and very light punishments.
• If parents are overprotective children may
  develop low self esteem
• http//www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/child/infants.htm
• http//www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/child/toddlers1.htm
• http//www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/child/toddlers2.htm
• http//www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/child/preschoolers.htm

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Middle Childhood

• Children begin playing with others their age
  (506)
• Children ask questions to raise intelligence
• They must learn emotions and practice expressing
  them
• They learn to be creative
• Parents who are very impatient can lead to the
  child having a low self-esteem because they feel
  guilt
• http//www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/child/middlechildhood.ht
  m
• http//www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/child/middlechildhood9-1
  1.htm

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Late Childhood

• School becomes an important part of childs life
• Children develop basic skills in reading,
  writing, and math
• Children learn to get along with peers, learn
  appropriate roles in society and learn to develop
  a conscience.
• Children not properly appreciated could learn
  feelings of self doubt
• http//www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/child/earlyadolescence.h
  tm
• http//www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/child/middleadolescence1
  5-17.htm

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Health Screening in Childhood

• Vision and hearing can affect social patterns
  negatively if not at best possible condition
  (507)
• Screenings for problems can prevent many
  conditions with this
• According to CDC one in every 1000 children in
  the United States has low vision or is legally
  blind.
• In the U.S. 2-3 people out of every 1000 are born
  with hearing problems.
• This affects language development
• Scoliosis- an abnormal lateral, or side-to-side
  curvature of spine.
• This may begin in childhood and go unnoticed
  until teen years
• More common in females
• Many public middle schools check for this.

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Video
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Vocabulary

• Fertilization (486)
  Stillbirth (496)
  
  
• Implantation (486)
  Hereditary (498)
• Embryo (486)
  Chromosomes (499)
• Fetus (486)
  Genes (499)
• Amniotic sac (487)
  DNA (499)
• Umbilical cord (487)
  Genetic disorder
• Placenta (487)
  (500)
• Labor (490)
• Prenatal care (492)
  Amniocentesis (501)
  
• Birthing center (492)
  Chorionic villi sampling (501)
• Fetal alcohol syndrome (494)
  Gene therapy (503)
• Miscarriage (496

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Voc cont.

• Developmental tasks (504)
• Autonomy (505)
• Scoliosis (507)

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Multiple Choice

• 1. What is the name of the uniting of the sperm
  and the egg?
• A. Ovulation
• B. Fertilization
• C. Labor
• D. Stillbirth
• 2. What does a woman enter prior to child birth?
• - A. Ovulation
• - B. Mensturation
• - C. Labor
• - D. Stillbirth

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Multiple Choice cont.

• 3. What is the goal of the human genome project
• A. Find a way to change hereditary structure
• B. Find a cure for fatal diseases
• C. Treating genetic disorders
• D. None of the Above
• 4. Which of the following does DNA most pertain
  to ?
• - A. Heredity
• - B. Exercise habits
• -C. Eating habits
• -D. Awareness

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Fill in the blank

• 5. As the embryo grows, ___ (a number) tissues
  are created
• 6. Most ____ contain nucleuses
• 7. ___ are cause primarily by problems in genes
• 8. School becomes an important part of a childs
  life in _____ childhood
• 9. Children begin to play with others during ___
  childhood

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Matching

• 10. Children learn to walk in
• 11. Children learn to be creative in
• 12. Children learn to get along with peers in
• A. Early Childhood
• B. Middle Childhood
• C. Late Childhood

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True or False

• 13. The Fetus can be affected by environmental
  hazards.
• 14. Most genetic orders can be cured.
• 15. Human beings pass through 4 developmental
  stages
• 16. Unborn babies rely on their mother for
  nourishment
• 17. If parents are underprotective, children may
  develop low self esteem

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True or False

• 18. 99 of all living things are made of DNA
• 19. All genes are dominant
• 20. Pregnancy must occur for a still birth to
  occur

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Answers

• 1. B
• 2. C
• 3. C
• 4. A
• 5. Three
• 6. Cells
• 7. Genetic Disorders

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Answers cont.

• 8. Late
• 9. Middle
• 10. A
• 11. B
• 12. C
• 13. True
• 14. False
• 15. True

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Answers cont.

• 16. True
• 17.False
• 18. False
• 19. False
• 20. True

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The End