High Tech Product Design and Rapid Prototyping ME221 MBA 290M INFOSYS 290'8

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High Tech Product Design andRapid
PrototypingME221 - MBA 290M - INFOSYS 290.8

• Prof. Paul Wright, A. Martin Berlin Chair in
  Mechanical Engineering
• Chief Scientist of CITRIS _at_ UC Berkeley
• Co-Director of the Berkeley Wireless
  Research Center
• Co-Director of the Berkeley Manufacturing
  Institute
• Week 8 Sensors and RFID types

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RFID 3 Main types for purposes of keeping
things simple for now

• A. Low Frequency LF (125 KiloHertz) and High
  Frequency HF (13.56 MegaHertz)
• The initial deployments of RFID operating at a
  low frequency band and relying on magnetic coil
  readers
• B. Ultra High Frequency UHF (900 MegaHertz)
• Now the current area of excitement for
  identifying many tags at once over a greater
  distance than LF or HF and relying on a radio
  frequency reader

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From Jan 2004Scientific American
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From Jan 2004Scientific American
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And again to defuse any mystery about the
technology

• Every time we check out of a store like the Gap a
  simple one-bit RFID is used to check for a
  remaining security tag on your clothes
• Needs large cage like structure adjacent to door
  to emit strong enough magnetic field to a
  remaining tag
• One-bit (on/off) signal sounds alarm if a tag is
  present on item of clothing

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Tag types

• Passive Transponders (Tags)
• LF, HF, UHF

• Active Transponders (Tags w/ batteries)
• UHF 400, 900 MHz, 2.45 GHz

• Semi-Passive Tags such as the FasTrak
• 900MHz or 2.45 GHz
• Battery inside receiver

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FasTrak on Bay Bridge

• Not an LF or HF passive tag
• Semi-active tag FasTrak
• Battery inside (or some sort of power source)
• Radio Frequency allows wake up of system and
  battery
• Battery power needed to send a relatively weak
  signal back to the toll-booth area
  transmitter/receiver

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E-M SPECTRUM
ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM
LF HF UHF MICROWAVE LIGHT
XRAYS
AM
RADAR
FM. TV
CELL
Cosmic Gamma XRays
13.56 MHz
InfraRed Rainbow UltraViolet
900 MHz
2.45 GHz
134 KHz 125 KHz
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Low Frequency (125KHz) RFID

• Passive
• Gets energy from reader to power antennae
• Magnetic field loops around
• Tags work because reader produces a magnetic
  field zone --- field changes enough to activate
  chips (door reader)
• Make larger antenna --- Or have a bigger flux to
  read further (Bigger net catches more fish)

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High Frequency HF (13MHz)

• Same
• Magnetic fields are always present again
• Pros Cons ---
• Pro High Frequency allow photo-etching of
  antenna and so tags are very cheap to manufacture
• Trade offs delicate so must be in limited
  package and the range of HF is often less than
  LF
• (LF more kinds of form factor)

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What happens inside the LF and HF readers?

• 1. A magnetic coil (say on our lab door) is the
  physical interface between the reader and the
  world
• 2. An integrated circuit in the reader sends
  signals to an oscillator, creating an alternating
  current in the readers coil

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From Jan 2004Scientific American
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When you walk up with your tag

• 3. The coil in the reader sits there creating a
  field for any tag that arrives and is close
  enough (a few inches say) to be activated
• 4. So the magnetic coil in the reader interacts
  with the coil in the tag, to induce a current the
  causes a charge to flow into the capacitor on the
  tagA diode in the tags circuit allows charge to
  build up

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The circuit for the tag ID

• 4. The charge accumulates in the capacitor and at
  a critical voltage level, the tags integrated
  circuit (IC) is activated and this transmits the
  ID
• 5. High and low levels of the digital signal from
  the IC corresponding to the ones and zeros
  encoding the ID-number, turn the transistor on
  and off

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Transmission

• 6. The transistor turns off and on, varying the
  resistance of the tag circuit, consequently
  creating a varying magnetic filed in the tags
  coil. The tags coil then interacts with the
  readers coil.
• 7. Magnetic fluctuations cause changes in the
  current flow from the readers coil to the
  readers A/D converter, and these are in the same
  pattern as the ones and zeros transmitted by the
  tag.

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Antenna Patterns
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UHF

• 900Mhz radio wake up not magnetic wave
• Electric field sent
• Radio wave being sent out by reader
• Giving out about one watt of power
• Back-scattering
• Tag gathers power from radio wave
• Once a UHF chip gets power it transmits back to
  reader
• UHF 8-10ft with credit card size foil inlay
• Alien --- 25ft with max power that FCC allow
• If there is a battery on UHF 150ft

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From Jan 2004Scientific American
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What happens inside the UHF readers?

• 1. The integrated circuit sends a digital signal
  to a transceiver which generates the 900MHz radio
  signal transmitted by a dipole antenna
• 2. The tag also has a dipole antenna and the
  electric field of the radiating reader causes a
  current to flow into the tags capacitor the
  diode causes the capacitor to charge up

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System Architecture
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Tag ID

• 3. The voltage turns on the tags IC which as
  with the LF and HF circuits sends out its ID
  code as a series of digital highs and lows
  corresponding to the ones and zeros of the ID.
• 4. These turn the transistor on and off causing
  the tags antenna to reflect back some of the
  incident RF to the reader

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Reception

• 5. The variations in the amplitude of the
  reflected signal correspond to the tags ID
  this is called backscatter modulation
• 6. The readers transceiver detects the reflected
  signal, converts it to digital signals in the IC
  and determining the tag ID

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UHF needed for more distance

• UHF
• UHF standard for DoD and Walmart (2006)
• Pallets and cartons -- UHF will be the thing
• However they need higher power --- radio waves
  and big readers (2K for reader)

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Range Comparison 1
Low Frequency passive

• 4 to 5 ft. range with large tags (3.3 inch disk)
• 1 to 2 ft. range with small tag (1 inch disk)

High Frequency passive

• 19 to 23 inch range with credit size foil
• 4 to 6 inch range with 1 inch disk

Low Frequency Active

• 8 to 12 foot range with 3 inch disk

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Range Comparison 2
UHF passive

• 8 to 10 ft. range with credit card size foil
  (900 MHz)
• 2 to 6 ft. range with 3 inch tag (2.4 GHz)

UHF semi-active
15 to 30 ft. range with 1.5 inch disk
UHF active

150 300 ft. range with 2 inch cube (tracking
rail cars)
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LF PASSIVE TAGS -1

• Glass tubes - injectable animal chip
• Key fobs - Mobile Speed Pass
• Disks - Asset Tracking
• ID Cards - Access Security Proximity
• Rods - Vehicle Tracking
• Mount-on-Metal Transponders

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LF PASSIVE TAGS -2

• COST (dependant on quantity)
• Glass tubes - 2
• Key fobs - 3
• Disks - 5
• ID Cards - 3
• Rods - 9
• Mount-on-Metal Transponders - 7

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LF PASSIVE TAGS -3

• RANGE - Depends on Reader/Antenna
• glass tubes - 1 foot
• key fobs - 1 foot
• Disks - 5 feet
• ID Cards - 3 feet
• Rods - 6 feet
• Mount-on-Metal Transponders - 5 feet

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HF PASSIVE TAGS -1

• ISO 15693 (previously TI Tag-it, I-Code)
• (vicinity card)
• ISO 14443 (proximity card)
• foil inlays
• paper labels
• cardboard tickets
• ID bracelets
• ID Cards (photo ID)

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HF PASSIVE TAGS -2

• COST (dependant on quantity)
• foil inlays - 0.50
• paper labels - 0.75
• cardboard tickets - 0.75
• ID bracelets - 2.00
• ID Cards (photo ID) - 2.00

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HF PASSIVE TAGS -3

• RANGE - Depends on Reader/Antenna
• - Depends on Foil Size
• Foil inlays - 2 feet range
• Paper labels - 2 feet range
• Cardboard tickets - 1 foot range
• ID bracelets - 1/2 foot range
• ID Cards (photo ID) - 2 feet range

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UHF PASSIVE TAGS
UHF - 900 MHz RANGE - Depends on
Reader/Antenna - Depends on Foil Size
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EPC organization
Electronic Product Code MIT Auto-ID Center
(Sanjay Sarma) UCC - Uniform Code Council EAN -
European Article Numbering EPCglobal Inc. -
joint venture develops oversees standards for
epc
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EPC STRUCTURE
Header Manager Object Class S/N
originator product EPC 96
bits EPC 64 bits Savant Servers - repositories
for epcs - middleware for PML ONS - Object
Name Service DNS - Domain Name System
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ACTIVE TAGS

• UHF 400 900 MHz
• Microwave 2.45 GHZ 5.8 GHz
• Increased Range
• Increased Complexity Cost
• Microwave Transceiver
• Increased Power Consumption
• Duty Cycle Power Management
• Wake-up Delays

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BATTERY LIFE
ACTIVE 1 -2 YEARS Dependant on pinging
rate SEMI-ACTIVE BACKSCATTER 5 - 10 YEARS
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ACTIVE TAG APPS

• Road Tolls
• Parking Systems
• Club Access - Loyalty
• Gated Communities
• Tracking Trucks, Trailers
• Yard Management
• Fuel Islands
• Truck Wash

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RFID SUPPLY CHAIN
What was Really Holding Things Up?

• Needed to establish multi-vendor system support
• At first, each company used closed systems
• Best if cross-company tracking of products

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The Right Equipment for the Application
Decide on Technology that best fits - Range
Comparison and factors that will affect
performance - Number of tags in the field - Tag
location and mounting - Time in the field -
Environmental Requirements - Encoding/printing
the tags
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Product Reference Guide

• SkyeTek RFID Readers
• SkyeRead MI
• 13.56MHz RFID Reader/Writer
• Works with smart labels approved by
• ISO-15693, ISO-14443, ISO-18000, EPC
• Multi-protocol RFID read/write

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Main features

• Footprint size, 38mm x 40mm
• Height, 4mm
• Four standard interfaces to host machine
• RS232, TTL, SPI, and I2C
• Networkable with up to 255 Readers on a single
  network
• On-board antenna with up to 3.5inches range with
  credit card size tags
• External antenna option

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More Features

• Low voltage operation down to 1.2V for battery
  powered and low voltage operations
• Low current , 35mAmps active mode, 10mAmps idle
  mode, 50microAmps standby
• 8 user-configurable I/O --- these are for LEDs,
  beepers, input signals in general

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Tag compatibles E.g. ISO-15693

• TI
• Philips
• Infineon
• ST Microelectronics

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Week 4 Wednesday Lecture

• Guide to software issues
• What we are going to do today
• How would you program this system for an
  application
• Constraints

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Constraints

• Short range
• No computational ability on tag itself
• No ad hoc communication (like the motes can)
• Each tag has to be read by the reader
• Note limited explicit data
• Some local data on tag (explicit data)
• Other knowledge associated via database (implicit
  data)
• E.g Your picture could not possibly be put on the
  tag itself but of course it can be associated via
  the database

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Explicit vs. Implicit

• Explicit
• Good for a clear warning about something
• E.g This chemical is explosive or harmful
• One off information such as This is NOT Gucci
• But lots of bytes to do that
• Implicit
• Faster reading to a precoded database and then
  This chemical is explosive or harmful 34 or
  This is NOT Gucci 35 . So we get more data
  per tag

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A couple of SkyeTek canned demos (these will be
on the Website)

• VB demo software steps
• Click tag ID
• Queries to get the tags in field of reader
• Click on Read Tag
• Will show explicit data on tag E.g Andrew
  Redfern
• We can augment this explicit data by doing this
• Write the stuff you want to add in the Write
  Box
• Click Write
• That will add it explicitly to the tag data

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Same demo

• To link implicit data (Eg Photo)
• Click Get Tag ID
• Go down to picture and Click Link
• This loads/links your (say) C drive to get photo
• Then open from that directory
• And then it links right away

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Obvious Cost Barriers to Overcome

• Cost of mote or RFID technology itself
• Cost of applying the motes to
• people,
• devices,
• equipment,
• merchandise,
• Etc..

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Less obvious costs that helpReturn on Investment
(ROI)

• Cost of losing a life avoided (shadow cost)
• Legal penalty for wrong treatment
• Lower costs in inventory management of drugs
• Lower costs of equipment management or
  maintenance
• Unique IDs can reduce hospital administrative
  costs and if implemented by local government, can
  tie into other social services