Challenges of Integrated Transportation and Land Use Planning

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Challenges of Integrated Transportation and Land
Use Planning

• Reid Ewing
• Rutgers University

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The Challenges

• New Vision and Goals
• New Performance Measures
• Mutually Supportive Land Use Patterns-Transportati
  on Facilities
• Model Enhancements
• Implementing Mechanisms

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New Vision and Goals
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Floridas Definition of Sprawl

• (Rule 9J-5.003, Florida Administrative Code)
• Leapfrog or Scattered Development
• Ribbon or Strip Commercial Development
• Expanses of Low-Density or Single-Use Development

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Sprawl
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Sprawl
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Sprawl
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Sprawl vs. Walk Share to Work
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Sprawl vs. VMT per Capita
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Demand for Alternatives

• Changing American Demographics
• Desire for Community and Neighborliness
• Growing Frustration with Congestion
• Growing Interest in Health and Fitness

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Too Much Grass to Mow
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We Are Not European
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Charlotte Corridors and Wedges Plan
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It Can Happen
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New Performance Measures
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Commonly Used Performance Measures
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The Bible
Are these really the best measures for quality
of transportation service?
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Old Speed Paradigm - Roadway LOS
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New Paradigms
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TEA-21 Planning Factors

• Economic Vitality
• Accessibility and Mobility Options
• Safety and Security for all Users
• Environmental Protection, Energy Conservation,
  and Quality of Life
• Enhanced Modal Integration and Connectivity
• Efficient System Management and Operation
• System Preservation

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Oregons Transportation Policy Rule

• Rule requires MPOs to reduce VMT per capita by
  10 over 20 years in metro areas with more than 1
  million population, and by 5 over 20 years in
  metro areas with 1 million or less population

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New Florida Law

• Multimodal Development District law allows local
  governments to establish multimodal
  level-of-service standards that rely primarily on
  nonvehicular modes of transportation within a
  district

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New Maryland Law

• Transportation Funding Areas Law requires the
  Department of Transportation (DOT) to establish
  measurable long-term and short-term performance
  goals in designated smart growth areas for
  increasing the systemwide share of trips by mass
  transit, walking, bicycling, and high occupancy
  vehicles

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Mutually Supportive Land-Use Patterns and
Transportation Facilities
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Rail Lines Without Riders
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Sidewalks Without Pedestrians
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Limits of New Urbanism
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Cognitive Dissonance
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The Future Belongs to Hybrids
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Megatrends

• In a relatively short time, the unified mass
  society has fractionalized into many diverse
  groups of people with a wide array of different
  taste and values, what advertisers call a
  market-segmented, market-decentralized society.
• Naisbitt 1982

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Urban Refill
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Green Development
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Transit-Oriented Development
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Pedestrian Villages
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Hybrid Communities
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Hybrid Neighborhoods
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Model Enhancements
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Travel Demand Modeling Issue

• Conventional 4-step models are not sensitive to
  effects of density, mix, and design on travel
  behavior

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Differences in Travel Patterns

• Vehicle Ownership
• Home-Based Trip Productions
• Non-Home Based Trip Attractions
• Intrazonal Trips
• Transit Trips
• Walk Trips
• Peak Hour Factors

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TRANSIMS Framework
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LUTRAQ Study Area
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Different Future Land Use Patterns
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Less VMT (and Everything Else) with LUTRAQ
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Westside MAX Line -- Suburban TOD
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Land-Use Impacts
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Implementing Mechanisms
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Examples

• Adequate Public Facilities Requirements
• Transit-Oriented Development
• Context-Sensitive Highway Design
• Traffic Calming
• Access Management
• Regional Growth Management

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Change in VMT Per Capita (1990-99)
Baltimore 2.15
Orlando 3.95
Portland 4.64
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Florida Growth Management General Failure
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1985 Concurrency Requirement
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Constant Reform Will They Ever Get It Right?
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Transportation and Land Use Study Committee
The state land planning agency and the
Department of Transportation shall evaluate the
statutory provisions relating to land use and
transportation coordination and planningand
shall consider changes to statutes, as well as to
all pertinent rules 1998 Florida Legislative
Session
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Oregon Growth Management Mixed Results
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Regulatory Tools

• Urban Growth Boundaries
• Density Targets
• Transportation Policy Rule

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Documented Accomplishments

• Stronger Downtown Employment Base
• Higher Suburban Densities
• Less Land Consumption

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Maryland Smart Growth Promising Alternative
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Inside and Outside Games
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Smart Growth Results

• The Good News
• 75 of new parcels are INSIDE PFAs
• Thru Rural Legacy and related POS projects,
  committed 137 million over last 4 years to
  permanently protect 54,000 acres.
• In last 7 years, total MD acres protected
  increased 40, from 589,000 to 825,000 acres
• The Bad News
• 75 of acreage developed is OUTSIDE PFAs
• The average lot size OUTSIDE PFAs is 8 times the
  size of lots INSIDE PFAs
• County-specific performance varies widely

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Investments Altered by Smart Growth
5 BYPASSES
550 ACRE TRACT
2 DISTRICT COURTS
COUNTY BLDG.