Part 1: Global Problems: Disease and the Environment Part 2: Nationalism Part 3: International Organ

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Part 1 Global Problems Disease and the
EnvironmentPart 2 Nationalism Part 3
International Organizationsand Non-governmental
OrganizationsTheme The effect of globalization
on the power of the nation-state

• Lesson 23

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Part 1 Global Problems Disease and Environment

• Lesson 23

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Disease

• Globalization has facilitated the spread of
  disease through things like travel and
  immigration
• Globalization has also helped stop or slow
  disease through technology and international
  cooperation

Probable early diffusion of AIDS (Adapted from
The Geography of AIDS, Shannon, Pyle, and Bashsur)
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(No Transcript)
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Disease

• One phenomenon that works against eliminating
  some diseases is that they occur in the
  predominantly poorer Southern Hemisphere where
  money for both research and medicine is scarce
• Leprosy
• Malaria
• AIDs

Global distribution of AIDs
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Disease

• The World Health Organization (WHO)
• Established in1948 as the United Nations
  specialized agency for health
• Objective is the attainment by all people of the
  highest possible level of health
• Defines health as a state of complete physical,
  mental and social well-being and not merely the
  absence of disease or infirmity

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Disease

• WHO launched an intensified plan to eradicate
  smallpox in 1967
• Small pox was pushed back to the horn of Africa
  where the last natural case occurred in Somalia
  in 1977
• There was a fatal laboratory-acquired case in the
  United Kingdom in 1978
• A commission of scientists certified the global
  eradication of smallpox in December 1979 and the
  World Health Assembly endorsed this announcement
  in 1980.

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Disease

• In 1988, the World Health Assembly adopted a
  resolution for the worldwide eradication of polio
• Since then, polio cases have decreased by over
  99
• In 1998, there were more than 350,000 cases in
  more than 125 endemic countries
• In 2005, there were just 1951 reported cases
• In 2006, only four countries in the world
  remained endemic for the disease
• Eradication of polio is within sight thanks to
  the global effort to eradicate the disease

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Environment

• By 2000, the worlds population had passed 6
  billion and had created great strains on the
  environment
• Many, especially in poorer nations, have left the
  countryside in search of employment and
  opportunity in the city
• Urbanization has created overcrowding, pollution,
  and sewage problems

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Environment

• Many environmental problems are transnational in
  nature and require massive international
  cooperation to solve, but national self-interest
  works against meaningful change
• Global warming
• Amazon rain forests
• Garbage

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Environment

• In 1986, the nuclear power plant at Chernobyl in
  Ukraine, at that time a republic of the USSR,
  exploded and led to huge releases of radioactive
  materials into the atmosphere
• Fallout drifted throughout the western Soviet
  Union, Eastern and Western Europe, Scandinavia,
  Britain, and as far as the eastern coast of North
  America

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Environment

• The UN World Tourism Organization and the UN
  Environmental Program are increasingly concerned
  with the environmental aspects of world tourism
• The Wider Caribbean Region, stretching from
  Florida to French Guiana, receives 63,000 port
  calls from ships each year, and they generate
  82,000 tons of garbage. About 77 of all ship
  waste comes from cruise vessels. The average
  cruise ship carries 600 crew members and 1,400
  passengers. On average, passengers on a cruise
  ship each account for 3.5 kilograms of garbage
  daily - compared with the 0.8 kilograms each
  generated by the less well-endowed folk on
  shore.
• UNEP

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Part 2 Nationalism

• Lesson 23

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Thirty Years War (We talked about this in Lesson
3)

• From 1618-1648, Spanish, French, Dutch, German,
  Swedish, Danish, Polish, Bohemian, and Russian
  forces fought the Thirty Years War over
  political, economic, and, especially, religious
  differences
• It was the most destructive European conflict
  before the 20th Century
• One-third of the German population was killed
• In order to avoid tearing their society apart,
  European states ended the war with the Peace of
  Westphalia in 1648

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Peace of Westphalia (1648)

• Laid the foundation for a system of independent,
  sovereign states
• All states agreed to regard each other as
  sovereign and equal
• They mutually recognized their rights to organize
  their own domestic affairs, including religious
  affairs
• States would conduct their own political and
  diplomatic affairs according to their own
  interests

Detail from a painting of the oathtaking of the
Peace of Westphalia by Gerard Terborch (1617-1681)
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Nation-state

• A political unit consisting of an autonomous
  state inhabited predominantly by a people sharing
  a common culture, history, and language.
• Sometimes called Westphalian states

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Tension of Globalization

• Governments still operate on the basis of the
  territorially delineated state as proclaimed by
  the Peace of Westphalia, but, as the worlds
  nations and people become increasingly
  interdependent, nations are being pressured to
  surrender portions of their sovereignty

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Decline of the Nation State

• Erosion from above
• International problems and the grow of
  international organizations that try to solve
  them
• The global economy
• Erosion from below
• Internal ethnic, racial, cultural, and linguistic
  tensions
• Exacerbated by weak national economies
• The result is that national governments spend
  more and more of their time, energy, and money
  simply reacting reacting to problems or crises,
  to challenges both from above and below, and to
  agendas set by others.
• Olin Robinson, Vermont Public Radio

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The Role of the Nation-State

• Although the nation-state as an institution will
  not die out in the foreseeable future, its
  monopoly of power has been considerably weakened,
  and its hold on populations has been greatly
  reduced.  The nation-state has become just one of
  several world organizational structures. 
  Sovereignty - presuming such a thing ever really
  existed - may well be consigned to the history of
  the late Industrial Age, a mere picturesque
  oddity on the pathway of humanitys journey.
• Gary Dean

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Part 3 Non-governmental Organizations and
International Organizations

• Lesson 23

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Why?

• Why should international institutions exist at
  all in a world dominated by sovereign states?
• Rhetorical question posed by Robert Keohane

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Because.

• Global problems require global solutions. We
  fall together or we succeed together.
• Joseph Deiss, Minister of Economic Affairs of
  Switzerland

Air pollution obscures the ground in this aerial
photo of China
Diseases such as bird flu threaten to become
pandemics
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Tension of Globalization

• Traditional nation-states have difficulties
  handling problems of a global magnitude
• A plethora of nongovernmental international
  organizations that do not respect territorial
  boundaries and are beyond the reach of national
  governments have sprung up to try to tackle the
  problem
• Usually focus on a largely singular agenda

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Some NGOs and their Agendas

• Red Cross
• Relieve suffering to wounded soldiers and
  prisoners of war
• Greenpeace
• Preserve the earths natural resources and animal
  and plant life
• Amnesty International
• Ensure human rights

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Some IGOs and their Agendas

• An organization of sovereign nations devoted to a
  agenda of international scope or character
• United Nations
• Maintain international peace and security
• World Trade Organization
• Foster free trade

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The Reduction of Sovereignty

• Under the WTO, member countries cannot tax or
  limit imports made under unfair or unsafe labor
  conditions. The same can be said for those
  imports that significantly harm the global
  environment during production. National
  sovereignty is what is at stake, since countries
  do not retain the ability to choose for
  themselves.
• David Carstens, Bringing Environmental and
  Economic Internationalism into US Strategy

Pro-democracy protests in China in 1989 resulted
in the massive government crackdown at Tiananmen
Square
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NGOs and the New Diplomacy

• With the end of the Cold War, the US became the
  worlds only superpower
• But a funny thing happened on the way to
  American supremacy. No sooner had the United
  States won the bipolar superpower game than the
  rules of international law and politics began to
  change.
• Thousands of NGOs have succeeded in getting their
  issues to the top of the diplomatic agenda and
  taken advantage of technology and communications
  improvements to change the methods by which
  international decisions are made
• The mantle of international leadership is no
  longer conferred by economic and military power
  alone instead, the power of ideas, and how they
  are communicated and marketed, has come to the
  fore.
• David Davenport, The New Diplomacy

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Case Study The Ottawa Convention

• Throughout the 1990s, concern mounted over the
  use of land mines
• Land mines left in place after fighting stopped
  in Cambodia, Afghanistan, Angola, Nicaragua,
  Bosnia, and elsewhere were continuing to claim
  victims, many of which were children

Cambodia land mine victim
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Case Study The Ottawa Convention

• Traditionally such an agenda was handled by
  international arms control and disarmament
  experts
• The U.N. Convention on Certain Conventional
  Weapons and the U.N. Conference on Disarmament in
  Geneva were working toward international
  agreements limiting land mines
• Some thought the traditional process was going
  too slowly and a new NGO, the International
  Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) decided a new
  approach was needed

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Case Study The Ottawa Convention

• The ICBL acted as the master NGO for a group of
  over 1,000 NGOs from more than 60 countries
• A small core group of states, led by Canada,
  provided the necessary element of state
  leadership
• Canadian Foreign Minister Lloyd Axworthy told the
  delegates in Ottawa the goal was to have a treaty
  in 15 months

Lloyd Axworthy
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Case Study The Ottawa Convention

• Usually international negotiations seek
  consensus, if not unanimity
• The ICBL and its cohorts felt this would be
  destined to accepting the lowest common
  denominator and they felt too passionately about
  the subject to settle for that
• Instead these negotiations required a 2/3
  majority vote rather than consensus
• Less national participation would be accepted in
  order to keep the central content of the
  proposals intact

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Case Study The Ottawa Convention

• The NGOs waged what Axworthy called the
  mobilization of shame using faxes, email, cell
  phones, and displays to strengthen their message
  and ridicule opposition
• The US was left on the sidelines and by the time
  it recovered the momentum was strongly with the
  NGOs
• US reservations to the treaty were never
  seriously considered and the US, along with China
  and Russia, had no choice but to not sign the
  treaty

American Jody Williams and the ICBL shared the
1997 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to ban
anti-personnel land mines
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Accountability

• Yet, the greatest challenges created by the
  growing influence of NGOs are not in the field
  but in the arena of public opinion and the
  corridors of power. Today, in a phenomenon that
  one environmental activist bemoaned as the rise
  of the global idiots, any group with a fax
  machine and a modem has the potential to distort
  public debate
• P. J. Simmons

Pamela Anderson helping PETA make its point
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Case Study Kosovo

• Ethnic Albanians comprised about 14 of Serbias
  population
• Most of the Albanians lived in the province of
  Kosovo
• Throughout the 1990s, Serbian military and police
  forces battled the Kosovo Liberation Army
• By 1998, the Serbs had embarked on a campaign to
  systematically cleanse Kosovo of its ethnic
  Albanian population

Camp Stenkovich II in Macedonia held
approximately 20,000 refugees.
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Case Study Kosovo

• On 24 March 1999, NATO initiated Operation Allied
  Force in order to
• Stop the Serb offensive in Kosovo,
• Force a withdrawal of Serb troops from Kosovo,
• Allow democratic self-government in Kosovo,
• Allow a NATO-led international peacekeeping force
  into Kosovo, and
• Allow the safe and peaceful return of Kosovar
  Albanian refugees.

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Case Study Kosovo

• On June 9, 1999, Serbia agreed to a Military
  Technical Agreement that ended the 11-week war
• On June 12, KFOR entered Kosovo under the
  authority of UN Security Resolution 1244
• On February 12, 2002 former Serbian President
  Milosevic went on trial at the International
  Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
  (ICTY) in The Hague.
• He died in 2006 before a verdict was reached

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Case Study Kosovo

• From an international law perspective, OAF got
  mixed reviews
• It violated traditional principles of
  nonintervention and nonaggression
• It could set a precedent for using military force
  for humanitarian reasons
• It represented the use of force by a regional
  organization (NATO) without UN Security Council
  authorization

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The Legitimacy of Intervention

• Is there some threshold at which human rights
  violations become unacceptable and a state's
  sovereignty no longer precludes intervention? Is
  it the 500th slain ethnic citizen or the next
  refugee after 10,000 have been forced to leave
  home that triggers intervention or makes it
  legitimate?
• Robert Tomes

Holocaust victims in a mass grave
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Role of the UN

• The United Nations is the preeminent institution
  of multinationalism. It provides a forum where
  sovereign states can come together to share
  burdens, address common problems, and seize
  common opportunities. The UN helps establish the
  norms that many countries including the United
  States would like everyone to live by.
• Shashi Tharoor

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But whose norms?

• Austrian Presidency of the Council of the
  European Union
• Permanent Council No. 592
• 9 February 2006
• EU Statement on Death Penalty in the USA
• The EU reiterates its longstanding and firm
  opposition to the death penalty in all
  circumstances.
• We remain particularly concerned by the
  imposition of the death penalty in cases of
  persons suffering from mental or intellectual
  disabilities. We urge states not to impose the
  death penalty in these cases.
• We wish to express our concern about an imminent
  case of execution in the United States of a
  person suffering from mental illness. The EU has
  learned that Mr. Steven Staley, who has been
  diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, is to be
  executed in the State of Texas on 23 February
  this year. We appeal to the appropriate
  authorities in the State of Texas to grant Mr.
  Staley relief from his death penalty.
• While aiming for the universal abolition of the
  death penalty, we seek a moratorium in all
  countries which retain capital punishment as a
  first step towards this end.

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US and the UN

• A United Nations that focuses on helping
  sovereign states work together is worth keeping
  a United Nations that insists on trying to impose
  a utopian vision on America and the world will
  collapse under its own weight. If the United
  Nations respects the sovereign rights of the
  American people and serves them as an effective
  tool of diplomacy, it will earn and deserve their
  respect and support. But a United Nations that
  seeks to impose its presumed authority on the
  American people without their consent begs for
  confrontation and, I want to be candid, eventual
  US withdrawal.
• Senator Jesse Helms

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Unilateralism

• I can assure you that, if he (Saddam Hussein)
  doesnt comply this time, well ask the U.N. to
  give authorization for all necessary means, and
  if the U.N. is not willing to do that, the United
  States, with like-minded nations, will go and
  disarm him forcefully.
• Colin Powell

The US was unable to obtain the UN resolution to
invade Iraq in Operation Iraqi Freedom.
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Next

• The End of the Cold War, Desert Storm, and the
  New World Order