ENGR 107: Engineering Fundamentals

1
ENGR 107 Engineering Fundamentals

• Lecture 1 2
• The Engineering Profession
• C. Schaefer
• Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• George Mason University
• January 27, 2003

2
Course Overview

• Introduce students to
• the engineering profession
• engineering fundamentals and problem solving
• engineering design principles.
• Generate excitement by providing students
• Hands-on group design projects
• Insights into contemporary engineering topics.

3
Class Information

• ENGR 107 Engineering Fundamentals
• Meeting Time
• Section 1 MW, 430 545 pm, Science Tech
  II, Room 7
• Instructor Carl Schaefer
• Office Hours By Appointment only.
• E-Mail cgschaef_at_futurelinkinc.com or
  cschaefe_at_gmu.edu
• Phone/Fax [phone] (voice), 703-491-3177
  (fax)
• Course Text
• Required
• Engineering Fundamentals and Problem Solving, 4th
  Edition, Eide, Jenison, Mashaw, Northrop,
  McGraw-Hill, 2000. ISBN 0-07-243027-3. (ISBN
  0-07-113022-5 is an international edition
  apparently not available in the US).

4
Grading

• Design Project 35
• Mid-Term Exam 30
• Final Exam 35
• Exam and Honor Code Policy
• Homework and Project Policy
• General Stuff

5
Homework Assignment

• Reading
• For today Chapter 1, pages 1 66, Eide, et al.
• By next week
• Finish Chapter 1 in Eide, et al.
• Review Appendix A and B in Eide, et al. Pay
  particular attention to Appendix B.
• Read pages 495 500.

6
Outline

• What is an Engineer?
• Engineering Programs at GMU
• A Brief History of Engineering

7
Other References

• Engineering in History, Richard Shelton Kirby,
  et al, Dover, 1990.
• Beyond Engineering How Society Shapes
  Technology, Robert Pool, Oxford University
  Press, 1997.
• Engineering An Introduction to a Creative
  Profession Fifth Edition, Beakley, Evans,
  Keats, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986.

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So, What is an Engineer?

• National Council of Engineering Examiners
  Engineer shall mean a person who, by reason of
  his special knowledge and use of mathematical,
  physical, and engineering sciences and the
  principles of engineering analysis and design,
  acquired by education and experience, is
  qualified to practice engineering
• OK, but really, what is an engineer.

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No Really, What is an Engineer?

• Individuals who combine knowledge of science,
  mathematics, and economics (yes, economics, too)
  to solve technical problems that confront
  society.
• Practically
• Engineers convert scientific theory into useful
  application.
• Engineers help to provide for mankinds material
  needs and well being.

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Professional Engineer

• Graduate from ABET accredited engineering school.
• Four years of engineering experience accepted by
  Board of Examiners.
• 16 hours of written examination
• Fundamentals of Engineering Exam (EIT)
• Principles and Practice Exam
• Code of Ethics self imposed
• The majority of engineers are not professional
  engineers!

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The Technology Team

• Scientists
• Engineers
• Technologists
• Technicians
• Artisans/Craftsman

Note The Technology Team should not be confused
with the project or design team. The latter is
truly multidisciplinary, and includes management,
sales, purchasing, etc.
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The Engineering Team

• Engineer
• Conceptual design
• Research
• Project planning
• Product innovation
• System development
• Supervision of technologists, technicians, and
  craftsmen
• Technologist
• Routine product development
• Construction supervision
• Technical sales
• Hardware design and development
• Coordination of work force, materials, and
  equipment
• Supervision of technicians and craftsman

• Technician
• Drafting
• Estimating
• Field inspections
• Data collection
• Surveying
• Technical writing
• Craftsman
• Uses hand and power tools to service, maintain,
  and operate machines or products useful to the
  engineering team

Ref Introduction to Engineering, 3rd Edition,
Paul H. Wright, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2002.
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Engineering Functions

• Research
• Design
• Development
• Test
• Production
• Deployment

• Maintenance and operations
• Management
• Sales
• Consulting
• Teaching

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What is a Scientist?

• Prime objective is increased knowledge of nature
  and its laws.
• Scientists use knowledge to acquire new
  knowledge.
• Systematic search using scientific method

Science
Engineering
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The Scientific Method

• Formulate a hypothesis to explain a natural
  phenomenon.
• Conceive and execute experiments to test the
  hypothesis.
• Analyze test results and state conclusions.
• Generalize the hypothesis into the form of a law
  or theory if experimental results are in harmony
  with the hypothesis.
• Publish the new knowledge.

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The Engineer

• The engineer uses knowledge of mathematics and
  natural sciences and applies this knowledge along
  with his/her judgment to develop devices,
  processes, structures, and systems that benefit
  society.
• Where a scientist uses knowledge to acquire new
  knowledge, the engineer applies this knowledge to
  develop things for society.
• Scientist seeks to know engineers aim to do.

17
Some Engineering Fields

• Aerospace
• Architectural
• Biomedical
• Chemical
• Civil
• Computer
• Electrical

• Industrial
• Mechanical
• Mining
• Marine and Ocean
• Metallurgical
• Nuclear
• Petroleum
• Systems

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Employed Engineers by Field, 1998

• Field Employment
• Aerospace engineers 53,035
• Chemical engineers 48,363
• Civil engineers 195,028
• Computer engineers 299,308
• Electrical/electronic engineers 356,954
• Industrial engineers 126,303
• Materials engineers 19,654
• Mechanical engineers 219,654
• Mining engineers 4,444
• Nuclear engineers 11,694
• Petroleum engineers 12,061
• All other engineers 414,611

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The Design Process

• Identification of a need.
• Problem definition.
• Search.
• Constraints.
• Criteria.
• Alternative Solutions.
• Analysis.
• Decision.
• Specification.
• Communication.

20
Information Technology and Engineering Programs
at George Mason University

• Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure
  Engineering (B.S., M.S.)
• the physical and organizational infrastructure
  essential to the functioning of an urban
  society.
• Computer Science (B.S., M.S.)
• design, implementation, and maintenance of
  computer systems
• Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.S., M.S.,
  Ph.D.)
• research, development, production, and
  operation of a wide variety of products in the
  important areas of electronics, communications,
  computer engineering, controls, and robotics.
• Information and Software Engineering (M.S.,
  Ph.D.)
• focuses on the technical, managerial, and
  policy issues associated with building
  computer-based information systems for modern
  organizations.

21
Information Technology and Engineering Programs
at George Mason University

• Information Technology and Engineering (Ph.D.
  only)
• focus on the science and technology of
  information processing and engineering.
• Operations Research and Engineering (undergrad
  certificate, M.S., Ph.D. through ITE doctoral
  program)
• the theoretical and empirical study of
  managerial and operational processes and the use
  of mathematical and computer models to optimize
  these systems.
• Systems Engineering (B.S., M.S., Ph.D. through
  ITE doctoral program)
• the process of defining, developing, and
  integrating quality systems. System engineers
  define what the system must do, analyze cost and
  performance of the system, and manage the
  development of the system.

22
A (Brief) History of Engineering
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How Society Perceives Engineers

• By and large, engineers are paid by society to
  work on systems dealing with problems whose
  solutions are of interest to society. These
  systems seem to group conveniently into
• (a) systems for material handling, including
  transformation of and conservation of raw and
  processed materials,
• (b) systems for energy handling, including its
  transformation, transmission, and control, and,
• (c) systems for data on information handling,
  involving its collection, transmission, and
  processing.

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How Engineers Picture Themselves!

• Normal people believe that if it aint broke,
  dont fix it. Engineers believe that if it aint
  broke, it doesnt have enough features yet!
• Author unknown quote adapted from Va. Tech
  lecture on engineering.

25
History of EngineeringEight Great Events1

• Food-Producing Revolution (6000 3000 B.C.)
• Appearance of Urban Society (3000 2000 B.C.)
• Birth of Greek Science (600 300 B.C.)
• Revolution in Power (Middle Ages)
• Rise of Modern Science (17th century)
• Steam and the Industrial Revolution (18th
  century)
• Electricity and Applied Science (19th century)
• Age of Automatic Control (20th century)

1 Kirby, et al.
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We Can Add Two More(at least for now!)

• The Information Age (late 20th century)
• Proliferation of computer technology
• The Biotechnology Revolution (21st century)
• Human Genome Project
• Genetic engineering
• Neural regeneration
• Bionics

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History of EngineeringEight Great Events

• Food producing revolution (6000 3000 B.C.)
• Hunters and gatherers
• Nomadic tribes
• Sparse populations
• No towns, villages, cities
• Appearance of urban society (3000 2000 B.C.)
• Appearance of cities Egyptian society
• Increase in wealth, extension of political power,
  growth in trade, required urban infrastructure,
  stimulated engineering
• Knowledge gained was empirical, gained from
  experience, and handed down to next generation

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History of EngineeringEight Great Events

• Birth of Greek Science (600 300 B.C.)
• Discovery of science
• Recorded scientific and philosophical knowledge
• Engineers and architects respected members of
  society
• Romans adopt Greek science and become master
  engineers (but rotten scientists)
• Revolution in power (Middle Ages)
• Up to this time, power supplied by slave labor
• Engineers harness power from three sources
• Animals (horses, oxen, etc)
• Wind (windmills)
• Water (waterwheels, watermills, dams)

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History of EngineeringEight Great Events

• Rise of modern science (17th Century)
• Rediscovery of Greek science
• Newton, Galileo, Descartes, etc. establish strong
  foundation
• Tools of science and engineering (telescope,
  microscope, barometer, calculus, analytic
  geometry, etc.)
• Truss and suspension bridges, canals, harbors,
  municipal engineering, pumps, etc.
• Steam and the industrial revolution (18th
  Century)
• Invention of the steam engine and industrial
  equipment
• Mass production, steam-powered transportation
  (locomotives and paddle wheelers) spurred growth
  in canals, bridges, roads, railroads
• Materials science, refined steel bridges,
  transportation

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History of EngineeringEight Great Events

• Electricity and the beginning of applied science
  (19th Century)
• Rediscovery of electricity and electromagnetism
• Electrical generation and distribution,
  batteries, telecommunications (telegraph)
• Skyscrapers
• Age of automatic control (20th Century)
• Manned, powered flight
• Mass produced cars
• Computer

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Engineering Accomplishments A Historical
Retrospective

• 6000 3000 B.C. Not much going on, really.
  Crude tools, pottery, ornaments.
• 3000 600 B.C. Rise of Egypt as an (incredible)
  engineering society
• Driven by class society and need for
  infrastructure to support.
• Also driven by pharaohs of time
• Great Pyramid of Cheops 2.3 million cut blocks
  weighing 5,000 pounds each. Pyramid stands 481
  ft high. Joints less than 0.02 inches in width
• Precision cutting, measurement devices,
  irrigation, asphalt roads(!)

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Engineering Accomplishments A Historical
Retrospective

• 600 B.C. 400 A.D.
• Engineering dominated by Greeks, Romans.
• Engineering knowledge acquired by conquest
  (development and refinement, not research)
• Greeks more mathematically rigorous (Aristotle,
  Archimedes) than Romans, although Romans
  considered better engineers.
• Accomplishments included, sophisticated roads and
  aqueducts, turbine engine, navigation, running
  water and sewage drainage, heated houses, public
  baths, etc.

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Engineering Accomplishments A Historical
Retrospective

• 1st 16th Centuries
• Fall of Roman empire.
• Engineering dominated by Arabs, Chinese, and
  Italians.
• Accomplishments included paper, new smelting
  processes, waterwheels and windmills, movable
  type printing press, telescope, gunpowder
• 17th and 18th Centuries
• Dominated by Europe
• Accomplishments included scientific and
  engineering methods, canals and locks, ship
  design, fundamental theoretical frameworks

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Engineering Accomplishments A Historical
Retrospective

• 19th Century
• Dominated by United States
• Mass production, iron refinement, steam engine,
  railroads
• 20th Century
• Massive, almost exponential increase in
  scientific and engineering knowledge
• Examples, Nylon, nuclear energy, solid state
  electronics, jet aircraft, lasers, satellites,
  space exploration

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