The Madison Years

1
The Madison Years

• 1809-1817

2
Inauguration March 1809

• Part of Virginia Dynasty 4 presidents from VA
  between 1789 1829
• Reelected in 1812 after declaration of war

3
Madison Drifts to War

• Jeffersons Non-Intercourse Act, 1809
• trade with all other nations except BR FR
• Replaced Embargo Act
• Macons Bill No. 2, 1810
• Replaced Non-Intercourse Act
• Purpose to entice GB or FR to repeal commercial
  restrictions whichever nation repealed
  restrictions, Am would restore nonimportation
  against non-repealing nation
• Napoleon 1st, but had no intention of honoring

4
War Hawks

• Republicans in control of deeply divided Congress
• New young leaders from S W
• Strongly nationalistic
• Wanted War w/ Britain to achieve glory of fathers
  in Revolutionary War

• Henry Clay
• KY
• Speaker of
• the House
• John C. Calhoun
• SC

5
War Hawks Indian Resistance

• Tecumseh

• The Prophet

6
Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

• Tecumseh, The Prophet, the organized
  confederacy of tribes east of Mississippi
• General William Henry Harrison

7
Significance

• Harrison repelled a surprise attack
• Essentially ended Indian threat
• Pushed Indians westward

8
Back to Divided Congress

• Daniel Webster
• Federalist from New Hampshire
• Against entry into war
• Spoke on behalf of New England manufacturing
  interests

9
Declaration of WarJune 1812

• Reps from NE mid-Atlantic states opposed war
• Why fight Britain rather than France?
• Republicans partial toward France
• British impressments arming of Indians
• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
• Lure of BR Canada
• Opposition
• Resentful New Englanders NE merchants
  Federalist politicians
• AND Quids, or Old Republicans

10
Causes

• Impressment of sailors
• Freedom of the seas threatened.
• U.S. hoped to gain Canada from England
• War Hawks Pressure
• How much? Look at Madisons War message
• Ch 12, Document 4, p. 240
• Tally national v. Western grievances

11
Overview of War

• Small War 6,000 casualties
• Poorly-fought war
• National disunity
• American victories
• War ended in stalemate
• America gained respect diplomatically
  militarily
• Fall of Federalists
• Large Native-American losses (Tecumseh Creeks)
• Stimulated American Industry

12
Poorly-fought war

• Nation unprepared
• Economy hurt by Embargo and Nonintercourse Acts
• Charter for National Bank expired in 1811
• Regular army inadequate supplemented by poorly
  trained militia
• Britains navy blockaded American Atlantic
  ports (cause of significant opposition)

13
Poorly-fought war continued

• Attack on Canada
• Strategic failure
• 80 in Upper Canada (Ontario) were Loyalists
• Efforts in Montreal would have been more fruitful

14
Canada US in 1812
15
Map 12.1 The Three U.S. Invasions of 1812All
easily repulsed
16
Naval Battles 1813 1814

• Most notable Captain Perry on Lake Erie, 1813
• Prepared the way for General Harrison
• Battle of Thames River, 1813
• General William Henry Harrison war hero
• Tecumseh killed
• Battle of Plattsburg at Lake Champlain, 1814
• Captain T. Macdonoughs victory forced British to
  retreat abandon plan to invade NY NE
• Role of Free Blacks

17
Map 12.2 Campaigns of 1813
18
Chesapeake Campaign

• Spring 1814 British Burned Washington, D.C.
  retaliation for burning Canadian capitol

19
Chesapeake Campaign

• British attempt to
• take Baltimore
• Americans hold
• out at Ft. McHenry
• Francis Scott Key
• Star Spangled
• Banner

20
Southern Campaign

• American forces ably led by Andrew Jackson
• Battle of Horseshoe Bend
• ended power of Creek Nation, powerful British
  ally
• Opened up new lands to white settlers

21
Map 12.6 The Southeast, 1810-1819
22
Battle of New Orleans

• Occurred two weeks AFTER peace treaty signed

23
Treaty of Ghent

• British weary of war Madison knew Americans could
  not win decisively
• An agreement to stop fighting
• No mention of pre-war U.S. grievances
• Impressment, Indian menace, Orders in Council
  (prevented neutral vessels from trading with
  France), Search Seizure, Confiscations
• Americans retain fishing rights off coast of
  Canada
• Many expected to lose land but didnt

24
Hartford Convention
25
Hartford ConventionDec 15, 1814 Jan 5, 1815

• In attendance MA, CT, RI, ( NH, VT)
• Purpose Discuss grievances redress wrongs
  very opposed to WAR
• Immediate goal to secure financial assistance
  from Washington
• Minority of radical delegates urged secession,
  but were outvoted by moderate Federalists

26
Hartford Conventioncontinued

• Recommended amendments to Constitution
• End 3/5 Compromise to reduce Southern influence
  in House
• Require 2/3 vote for embargo, admission of
  western states to union declaration of war
• Limit term of President (to avoid Jeffersonian
  dynasty)
• Deny naturalized citizens (Usually Republicans)
  from holding office

27
Hartford Conventioncontinued

• Envoy to Washington, but Battle of New Orleans
  Treaty of Ghent made pleas moot
• Hartford Resolutions signaled death knell of
  Federalist party
• In 1816, Monroe crushed Federalist opponent

28
International Legacies

• Revived intense American hatred of British
  mutual suspicion lasted for decades
• Canadian patriotism nationalism boosted (did
  NOT want to be Americans)
• Naval race between US GB on Great Lakes
• Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817
• Limit naval armament on the lakes
• By 1870, US Canada shared longest unfortified
  border in world 5,500 miles

29
International Legaciescontinued

• Americans no longer feared European intervention
  in North America
• New sense of NATIONALITY
• Turned towards settlement of the West

30
Wars Legacies

• US gained respect of other nations having won
  two wars
• US accepted Canada as neighbor part of British
  empire
• End of Federalist party as a national political
  force
• Talk of nullification secession set precedent
  later used by South

31
Wars Legaciescontinued

• American Indians forced to surrender large
  amounts of territories because abandoned by
  British allies
• Surge in American manufacturing because British
  goods were not available
• War heroes would be at the forefront of new
  generation of political leaders
• Strong feelings of nationalism