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Organic Chemistry Diagrams and Isomers

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In fact two of those molecules were identical. ... One type had the chlorines on the same side, the other had them on opposite sides. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Organic Chemistry Diagrams and Isomers


1
Organic Chemistry Diagrams and Isomers
  • Chemical Formula
  • Structural Formula
  • Isomers structural
  • Isomers - geometrical

2
Chemical Formula Revision
  • Just a quick reminder
  • Pb(NO3)2
  • In organic chemistry, because we are dealing with
    non-metal compounds, we can also call them
    molecular formulae.
  • Organic chemicals can be named in exactly the
    same ways but because the components can be
    rearranged in many different ways we need a bit
    more detail. For example C6H12O6 could be
    glucose or about 100 other chemicals depending on
    how it is arranged

3
Structural Formula
  • Structural formulae (many formula) show how the
    carbon atoms are arranged and what else they are
    attached to. There are two types of structural
    formulae
  • Structural formula this is the normal way a
    structural formula is written. It shows every
    bond, represented as a line e.g.
  • Condensed structural formula this version has
    the lines missing. It takes up less room, is
    easier to type, but it can get confusing if you
    have a complex organic molecule e.g. CH3CH2CHClCH3

4
Isomers - Structural
  • As mentioned earlier, two chemicals may have the
    same molecular formula but they may be two
    completely different chemicals. In the case we
    call them isomers.
  • There are a number of different sorts of isomers.
    The first we will look at are structural isomers.
  • Structural isomers have the same molecular
    formula but there atoms are arranged differently
    so that they have different structures.
  • Lets take this chemical for example C6H14. We
    know it as hexane, but hexane can have many
    different structures

5
Isomers Geometrical I
  • Bonds can rotate freely meaning that an organic
    molecule, like an alkane, can bend an rotate
    forming many different types of shapes. But no
    matter what rotation the bonds undergo they are
    still the same molecule, with the same structure
  • Double bonds cannot rotate freely. This mean that
    we can form molecules with the same chemical
    formulae that are almost identical
  • Spot the differences (if any) in the four
    chemicals below

6
Isomers Geometrical II
  • In the previous example we had three chemicals
    that would have to be given the same name (1,2
    dichloro ethane). In fact two of those molecules
    were identical. But, there were two different
    types of 1,2 dichloro ethanes. One type had the
    chlorines on the same side, the other had them on
    opposite sides.
  • This leads to how we name these geometrical
    isomers, once again with a prefix
  • Different sides trans (like transport moves
    stuff to different ports)
  • Same side cis (like .?)

trans 1,2 dichloro ethane
cis 1,2 dichloro ethane
trans 1,2 dichloro ethane
cis 1,2 dichloro ethane
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