Bovine Herd Health Management: Diseases and Parasites This is a presentation from Virginia Tech and

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Bovine Herd Health ManagementDiseases and
ParasitesThis is a presentation from Virginia
Tech and has not been edited by the Georgia
Curriculum Office.
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Objectives

• Explain importance of herd health
• Discuss economic impacts on both diseases and
  parasites
• Identify diseases/parasites
• State types of organisms
• Discuss mode of transmission.

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Objectives,cont.

• Discuss common symptoms.
• Discuss life Cycle of worm.
• Discuss preventative methods.
• Determine the best time of year to treat for
  diseases/parasites.

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Economic Losses

• The beef industry along with the producers lose
  millions of dollars each year.
• The most common losses are due to
• infertility and abortion
• calf scours
• respiratory infections
• sudden death

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Economic Losses, cont.

• Parasites also contribute to the loss of
  millions of dollars annually in the U.S. due to
  poorly managed cattle.
• Losses include
• reduced weight gains which
  increases the amount of feed per pound of gain.
• Low milk production

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More Losses

• reduced hide value
• additional trim on carcasses
• and death

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Diseases

• The common pathogens in bovine diseases are
  bacterial, viral, and protozoan.
• Cattle diseases are transmitted by many different
  ways. The most common forms of infection are
• grazing and contact with the soil.
• Sexually
• casual contact
• viruses can be shed in the feces

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Diseases

• The most common diseases that should be treat
  twice a year are
• IBR
• PI3
• BVD
• BRSV
• Pasteruella

• Brucellosis
• Clostridial diseases
• Leptospirosis
• Campylobacter fetus
• Trichomoniasis

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Diseases

• IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)
• organism virus
• symptoms respiratory infection (red nose),
  abortion. Also called BRD bovine respiratory
  disease
• vaccination modified-live

• PI3(Parainfluenza 3)
• organism virus
• symptoms can lead to a secondary bacterial
  infection, and abortion. Also called BRD bovine
  respiratory disease
• vaccination modified-live

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Diseases

• BVD (bovine virus diarrhea)
• organism virus
• symptoms persistent diarrhea,can lead to a
  secondary bacterial infection, and abortion. BRD
  bovine respiratory disease.
• vaccination modified-live

• BRSV (bovine respiratory syncytial virus)
• organism virus
• symptoms can lead to a secondary bacterial
  infection, and abortion. BRD bovine respiratory
  disease.
• vaccination modified-live

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Diseases

• Pasteurella
• organism bacteria
• symptoms pneumonia, shipping fever
• vaccination two doses of BRSV 2-4 weeks apart

• Brucellosis
• organism bacteria
• symptoms abortion and infertility
• vaccination calfhood vaccinate heifers lt 8months
  of age.

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Diseases

• Clostridial
• organism bacteria
• symptoms death-primarily in young animals.
• Vaccination 7-way

• Leptospirosis
• organism bacteria
• symptoms abortion and kidney failure
• vaccination 5-way vaccine

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Diseases

• Campylobacter fetus
• organism bacteria
• symptoms venereal disease, infertility
• vaccination vaccine with oil adjuvant

• Trichomoniasis
• organism protozoa
• symptoms abortion venereal disease spread by
  bulls
• vaccination none

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Prevention

• VACCINATE
• VACCINATE
• VACCINATE
• at least 2 times a year

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Internal Parasites

• Internal parasites are present inside the animal.
• The parasites and their eggs are microscopic in
  size.
• Internal parasites are not easily noticed.

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Modes of Transmission

• Wet and warm climates favor infestation of
  internal parasites.
• Transmission takes place through ingestion.
• Infection usually takes place in the spring and
  fall.

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Life Cycle

• Worms occur in the hosts small intestine.
• Female produces eggs which are passed in the
  feces.
• Eggs then hatch in to larvae
• The larvae are eaten by the host, infecting them.
• Larvae then mature into adults, repeating the
  cycle.

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Common Classes of Worms

• Nematodes (Roundworms)
• Small Stomach worm
• Medium Stomach worm
• Large Stomach Worm or barber-pole worm
• Hookworm
• Lungworm

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Common Classes of Worms, cont.

• Cestodes (Flatworms)
• Flatworm
• Trematodes (Flukes)
• Liver Flukes
• Stomach Flukes

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Symptoms of infestation

• Normal or increased appetite with no weight gain.
• Abnormal weight loss
• poor growth

• anemia
• anorexia
• dull hair coat
• diarrhea
• weakness
• edema in jaw

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Anthelmintics or wormers

• There are many products on the market that are
  designed to treat ruminant worms. Some of the
  most common are
• Ivermectin (Ivomec?)
• Eprinomectin (Ivomec Eprinex?)
• Doramectin (Dectromax?)
• Moxidectin (Cydectin?)

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Wormers

• These products can be administered through
  injection or topically by a pour-on.
• Treatment should take place in the early spring
  and fall.
• Products should be rotated to prevent parasite
  resistance.

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External Parasites

• External parasites are a nuisance to man and
  beast. They can cause a lot of unintended
  aggravation and pain. Some examples are
• Flies (horn, face, stable,and house flies)
  -insects that suck blood and are responsible for
  pinkeye, reduced gains and milk production. Can
  also cause mastitis.
• lice insects that also suck blood and eat flesh.
  They will cause rubbing which results in raw
  spots.

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External Parasites

• Grubs larvae enter hide and cause large sores
  along the backs of cattle. Larvae feed on pus
  caused by its presence.
• Ticks arachnids that feed on blood and is
  responsible for diseases such as anaplasmosis and
  blue tongue.

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Treatment

• Pour-on treatments will control all these
  external parasites, but it is a good idea to also
  have a back-up treatment for longer periods. The
  pour-on treatments are
• Ivermectin (Ivomec?)
• Eprinomectin (Ivomec Eprinex?)
• Doramectin (Dectromax?)
• Moxidectin (Cydectin?)

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Treatments

• They back-up treatments are just added insurance.
  They may consists of
• ear tags
• back rubs
• boluses
• drench
• paste
• supplemented minerals
• sprays
• dust

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Summary

• Disease and parasites can cause huge economic
  losses due to
• poor wt. Gain
• low milk production
• carcass loss
• infertility and abortion
• death

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Summary

• Transmission occurs through internal ingestion,
  casual contact and sexually.
• Spring and Fall are the most favorable times of
  the year for infection.
• Infective pathogens are bacterial, viral,
  protozoan, and parasitic (internal and external).