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CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION

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Title: CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION


1
CHAPTER 3 THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION
  • AMERICA EXPANDS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH
    CENTURY

2
THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA SECTION 1
  • Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his
    Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and
    his Federalist Party
  • While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral
    votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr
  • For six days the House of Reps took vote after
    vote until 36 votes later Jefferson prevailed
    (Led to 12th Amendment)

3rd President of the U.S. 1800-1808
3
1800 Election Results
4
SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT
  • Jeffersons theory of government, known as
    Jeffersonian Republicanism, held that simple,
    limited government was the best for the people
  • Jefferson decentralized the government, cut
    costs, reduce bureaucracy, and eliminate taxes

Jefferson Memorial
5
JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT
  • Before leaving office, John Adams (2nd
    President), attempts to pack the Federal courts
    with Federalists Judges
  • Jefferson argued this was unconstitutional
  • Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall rules in
    Marbury v. Madison (1803) that part of the
    Judicial Act was unconstitutional
  • Established principle of Judicial Review the
    ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law
    unconstitutional

6
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
  • By 1803, French leader Napoleon had abandoned his
    dreams of an American Empire
  • He needed money to fight European wars, so he
    accepted Jeffersons offered of 15,000,000
  • More than doubled the size of our country
  • Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new
    territory

7
MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT
  • After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James
    Madison
  • Madison was two-term President 1808-1816
  • Known as the Father of the Constitution, Madison
    also is known for his leadership during the War
    of 1812

4th President 1808-1816
8
WAR OF 1812 U.S. vs. BRITAIN
  • Causes British impressment (seizing Americans
    at sea and drafting them into their navy) upset
    Americans
  • The War 1814 British sack D.C. Burn White
    house
  • Andrew Jackson leads great victory in New Orleans
  • Treaty of Ghent signed, Christmas Eve, 1814

British Impressment of U.S. seamen upset
Americans
9
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10
RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812
  • Results of the war included
  • End of the Federalist Party (opposed war)
  • Encouraged industries in U.S.
  • Confirmed status of U.S. as a strong, free, and
    independent nation

Despite the burning of the Presidents mansion,
the U.S. emerged strong
11
NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY
  • James Monroe was elected president in 1816
  • Immediately, Nationalism clearly established as
    key concern of administration
  • Treaty with Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon
    Territory
  • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) secured Florida
    southern- most areas of SE America

12
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
  • In the early 19th Century, various European
    countries hinted at increased colonization
  • In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it
    clear to Europe Dont interfere with Western
    Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine)

13
What idea does this political cartoon convey?
14
THE AGE OF JACKSON SECTION 2
  • During a time of growing Sectionalism, Andrew
    Jacksons election in 1828, ushered in a new era
    of popular democracy

15
REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES
  • The Northeast continued to develop industry while
    the South and West continued to be more
    agricultural
  • The Industrial Revolution reached America by the
    early-mid 19th century
  • New England first to embrace factory system
  • Especially in textile (fabric) mills


16
SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL
  • Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an
    agricultural power
  • Eli Whitneys invention of the Cotton Gin (1793)
    made producing cotton even more profitable
  • The South became a Cotton Kingdom
  • More labor was needed 1790 700,000 slaves
  • 1820 1,500,000 slaves

Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from
seeds
17
BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM
  • Economic differences created political tension
    between North South
  • As the regions moved apart, politicians attempted
    to keep nation together
  • House Speaker Henry Clays American Plan called
    for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an
    improved infrastructure to help travel

18
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
  • In 1818 settlers in Missouri applied for
    statehood
  • Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether
    Missouri should be admitted as a free state
  • Henry Clay organized a compromise in which
    Missouri was slave but Maine would be free
  • Also Louisiana Territory split at 36 30 north
    latitude

HENRY CLAY THE GREAT COMPROMISER
19
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820
20
ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON
  • Jackson, hero of the common man, won election in
    1828 in part because the right to vote had been
    expanded to more citizens
  • In the 1824 election, won by John Quincy Adams,
    350,000 white males voted
  • In 1828, over 1,000,000 white males voted
  • Many of the new voters supported the rugged
    westerner Jackson who also won re-election in 1832

ANDREW JACKSON IS ON THE 20 BILL
21
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
  • As part of his political philosophy, Jackson
    sought to grant political power to the common
    people
  • Called The Spoils System or Jacksonian Democracy,
    Jackson hired his own supporters to replace the
    previous administrations staff
  • Jackson gave away many jobs to his friends and
    political allies

22
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830
  • Congress, with Jacksons support, passed the
    Indian Removal Act in 1830
  • Under this law, the federal government funded
    treaties that forced tribes west
  • The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were
    supported by the Supreme Court
  • Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision
  • Jackson said, John Marshall (Supreme Court Chief
    Justice) has made his decision, now let him
    enforce it.
  • Trail of Tears followed the Court ruling as U.S.
    troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them
    west, mostly on foot. . .thousands died

23
INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830
24
TARIFF OF ABOMINATION
  • In 1824 and again in 1828, Congress increased the
    Import Tariff of 1816
  • Southerners called the 1828 Tariff, a Tariff of
    Abominations, and blamed it for economic
    problems in the South

THE NORTH
TARIFFS
THE SOUTH
25
NULLIFICATION THREAT
  • In an attempt to free South Carolina from the
    tariff, John Calhoun (Jacksons VP from S.C.),
    developed the Theory of Nullification
  • He believed if a state found an act of Congress
    to be unconstitutional, it could declare the law
    void within its borders
  • Tensions only relieved by a Clay Compromise
    Tariff in 1833

26
JACKSONS BANK WAR
  • Jackson opposed National Bank so he created Pet
    Banks so called because they were favored by
    Jacksons Democrats
  • Many felt Jackson was acting more like a King
    than a president
  • In 1832, his opponents formed a new party the
    Whigs

27
PANIC OF 1837
  • In 1836, Democrat Martin Van Buren won the
    Presidency
  • He inherited problems from the Bank Wars
  • Jacksons Pet Banks printed money without Gold
    backing
  • In 1837 a panic set in and many banks closed,
    accounts went bankrupted, and unemployment soared

MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841
28
HARRISON TYLER
  • Whig William Henry Harrison defeated Democrat Van
    Buren in the election of 1840
  • Harrison, known as Tippecanoe for a battle he
    won against natives, died a month into his term
  • His VP, John Tyler became president

TYLER 1841-1845
HARRISON 1841
29
MANIFEST DESTINY SECTION 3
  • In the 1840s Americans became preoccupied with
    expansion
  • Many believed that their movement westward was
    predestined by God
  • Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S.
    would expand from sea to shining sea

30
UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY
31
FAMOUS TRAILS WEST
  • No highways existed, thus wagon trails served as
    the roads to the West
  • Santa Fe Trail ran from Independence, Missouri to
    Santa Fe, New Mexico
  • Oregon Trail stretched from Independence to
    Oregon City, Oregon
  • Mormons especially utilized the Oregon Trail on
    their way to Salt Lake City

32
MEXICO CONTROLS TEXAS
  • After 300 years of Spanish rule, Mexican settlers
    felt at home in Texas territory
  • Mexico won their independence from Spain in 1821
    and Texas was theirs
  • Mexican officials offered land to Americans to
    make the area more stable
  • Americans soon outnumbered Mexicans in Texas
    trouble started

33
TEXAS INDEPENDENCE
  • Stephen Austin established a colony of Americans
    in Texas
  • Conflicts intensified between Mexicans and
    Americans in Texas
  • One issue was the slaves many Americans had
    brought with them
  • Mexico had outlawed slavery in 1829

34
REMEMBER THE ALAMO
  • Mexican President Santa Anna was determined to
    force Texans to obey Mexican law
  • Santa Anna marched his troops toward San Antonio
    at the same time Austin issued a call to arms
    for all American Texans
  • American forces moved into a mission known as the
    Alamo in 1836
  • After 13 days the Mexican troops scaled the walls
    and slaughtered all 187 Americans

THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO
35
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR
  • 1844 presidential election winner, James Polk,
    eagerly wanted to annex Texas as part of the U.S.
  • Negotiations failed and U.S. troops moved into
    Mexican territory in 1845
  • America victories soon followed, and in 1848
    Mexican leader Santa Anna conceded defeat
  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed U.S.
    gets (larger) Texas, New Mexico California

MEXICAN PRESIDENT SANTA ANNA
36
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37
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH
  • After gold was discovered at Sutters Mill,
    migration to California rose from 400 in 1848 to
    44,000 in 1850
  • Folks who rushed to San Francisco in 1849 became
    known as Forty-niners
  • By 1857, the total amount of gold mined in
    California topped 2,000,000,000

38
THE MARKET REVOLUTION SECTION 4
  • The first half of the 19th century in America,
    brought vast changes to technology,
    transportation, and production
  • Known as the Market Revolution, people
    increasingly bought and sold goods rather than
    make them for themselves

A 19th century market
39
NEW INVENTIONS HELP ECONOMY
  • 1837 Samuel Morse invented the Telegraph
  • Railroads were becoming faster and more numerous
    by 1830 surpassing canals as 1 means of
    transport
  • Robert Fulton invented the Steamboat and by 1830,
    200 were on the Mississippi
  • John Deeres Plow and Cyrus McCormicks Reaper
    improved agriculture

By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed
the country
40
WORKERS SEEK BETTER CONDITIONS
  • In 1834, Lowell, Massachusetts textile workers
    went on strike after their wages were lowered
    one example of the dozens of strikes in the U.S.
    in the 1830s and 1840s
  • Several industries formed the National Trade
    Union in 1834 in hopes of bettering their
    conditions

STRIKES AND UNIONS BECAME MORE NUMEROUS AFTER 1830
41
REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY SECTION 5
  • The Second Great Awakening spread Christianity
    through revival meetings
  • Another growing religious group was the
    Unitarians who emphasized reason as path to
    perfection
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson was a Unitarian preacher who
    developed Transcendentalism
  • These and other religions became the impetus for
    reforming society

RALPH WALDO EMERSON
42
THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT
  • 1820s Abolitionist movement to free African
    Americans from slavery arose
  • Leader was a white radical named William Lloyd
    Garrison
  • Abolitionist called for immediate emancipation of
    all slaves

43
FREDERICK DOUGLASS AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADER
  • Freed slave, Frederick Douglass escaped from
    bandage and became an eloquent abolitionist
    (critic of slavery) leader
  • He began an anti-slavery newspaper called,
    Northstar named after the star that guided
    runaway slaves to freedom

44
TURNERS REBELLION
  • The vast majority of African-Americans were
    enslaved in the South and were subjected to
    constant degradation
  • Some rebelled against their condition
  • Most famous revolt was led by Virginia slave Nat
    Turner
  • Turner led 50 followers in a revolt killing 60
    whites he was caught and executed

Turner plans his rebellion
45
WOMEN AND REFORM
  • From abolition to education, women worked
    actively in all reform movements
  • Throughout the 1800s opportunity for women to
    become educated increased
  • 1833 Oberlin College became first coed
    institution

46
WOMENS RIGHTS MOVEMENT EMERGES
  • Reform movements of the 19th century spurred the
    development of a Womens movement
  • For example, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia
    Mott had both been ardent abolitionists
  • In 1848, more than 300 women participated in a
    Womens Right convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y.

47
Two pioneers in womens rights Elizabeth Cady
Stanton (left) and Susan B. Anthony
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