Uppers, Downers and All Arounders

1
Uppers, Downers and All Arounders

• Chapter 6
• All Arounders

2
General

• History
• Psychedelic Plants and fungi
• More than 4000 plants have psychedelic properties
• Hundreds of primitive tribes have used
  psychedelics fro thousands of years
• Other than marijuana, psychedelics continued to
  be popular among youth

3
General

• All arounders usually act as stimulants and
  occasionally depressants, but mostly
  psychedelics
• Creates illusions, delusions and hallucinations
• Five main Classifications
• Indole psychedelics
• LSD, psilocybin mushrooms
• Phenylalkyamines
• Peyote, MDMA (ecstasy),
• Anticholingernics (belladonna, datura)
• Ketamine, PCP
• Cannabinoids (cannabis, marijuana)

4
General

• Effects are dependant on
• Amount ingested
• Experience with the drug
• Basic emotional makeup of user
• Mood and mental state at the time of use
• Preexisting mental illnesses
• Surroundings in which the drug is taken
• Physical and mental effects
• Stimulate the sympathic nervous system
• Causing rise in blood pressure and pulse rate
• Can trigger sweating, palpitations or nausea

5
General

• Physical and mental effects (continued)
• Interferes with dopamine, norepinephrine,
  acetylcholine, anandamine, alpha psychoism, and
  especially serotonin
• Stimulation of brain stem causes overload on
  sensory pathways making user acutely aware of all
  sensation
• Disruption of visual and audio centers can
  confuse perception

6
General

• Illusions, delusions and hallucinations
• Illusions mistaken perception of an external
  stimulus
• Delusions mistaken idea that is not swayed by
  reason or other powerful evidence
• Hallucination sensory experience that does not
  come from external stimuli
• Illusions and delusions are primary experiences
  with LSD most psychedelics
• Hallucinations are primary with mescaline,
  psilocybin and PCP

7
Indole Psychedelics

• LSD
• Synthesized form of the ergot fungus that infects
  rye and other grasses
• Responsible for thousands of deaths throughout
  the centuries, especially in Europe
• Two types of ergot fungus
• Gangrenous ergotism (St Anthonys Fire)
• Marked by fever, hallucinations and rotting away
  of gangrenous extremities of the body
• Convulsive ergotism
• Marked by visual and auditory hallucinations,
  vomiting, diarrhea convulsions

8
Indole Psychedelics

• LSD first extracted by Dr. Albert Hoffman (1938)
• 1950s LSD used for therapy for mental illness
  and alcoholism
• 1960s LSD-25 popularized by Harvard
  psychologists, Timmothy Leary and Richard Alpert
• 1966 LSD made legal
• 1970 LSD is made a Schedule I drug
• 1974, LSD considered having no therapeutic value

9
(No Transcript)
10
Indole Psychedelics- LSD

• Manufacturing of LSD is primarily done in
  Northern California
• Production involves use of volatile chemicals
• Crystalline LSD is dissolved in alcohol and drops
  of the solution placed on blotter paper
• Doses as low as 25 micrograms can cause mental
  changes
• Usual doses are 150-300 micrograms
• Effects appear 15 minutes to 1 hour after
  ingestion
• Lasts 6-8 hours

11
Indole Psychedelics- LSD

• Tolerance develops rapidly to psychedelic effects
• Lost rapidly after cessation, usually a few days
• Withdrawal is usually more mental and emotional
• Physical effects
• Rise in heart rate and blood pressure
• Higher body temperature
• Dizziness
• Dilated pupils
• Sweating
• User sees light trails

12
Indole Psychedelics- LSD

• Mental Effects
• Overloads brainstem causing sensory distortions
  (seeing sounds, feeling smells, or hearing
  colors
• Dreaminess
• Depersonalization
• Altered mood
• Impaired concentration
• Greatest dangers is loss of judgement impaired
  reasoning
• Bad Trips (acute anxiety reactions)
• Affects the emotional center of the brain
• Subject to extremes of euphoria and panic

13
Indole Psychedelics- LSD

• Mental Illness
• Proponents believe that LSD will afford the user
  a short cut to uncovering trauma
• Opponents say LSD is dangerous and can trigger
  psychotic episodes
• LSD can aggravate a preexisting mental illness
• Dependence
• Does not produce compulsive use
• Effects of LSD tend to diminish with continued use

14
(No Transcript)
15
Indole Psychedelics-Magic Mushrooms

• Psilocybin and psilocin are active ingredients in
  mushrooms found in U.S., Mexico, South America,
  South Asia and Europe
• Especially important for Indian cultures of
  mexico and in pre-Colombian Americas
• Used in ceremonies, dating back to 1000 B.C.
• Contained in 75 species of mushroom
• Chemical structure is similar to LSD

16
Indole Psychedelics-Magic Mushrooms

• Most mushrooms containing psilocybin cause nausea
• Psychedelic effects include
• Visceral (primal) sensations
• Changes in sight, taste, hearing and touch
• Altered states of consciousness
• Major danger is mistaking poisonous mushrooms for
  those containing psilocybin

17
Other Indole Psychedelics

• Other indole psychedelics
• Ibogaine
• Long lasting psychedelic in high doses and
  stimulant in lose doses
• Used in Native cultures in Western and Central
  Africa
• Research into use to treat heroin and cocaine
  addiction
• DMT (dimethyltryptamine)
• Similar to psilocin
• South American tribes used for over 400 years as
  snuff
• Blow into the noses through hollow reed for
  ceremony
• Can be made in basement labs
• Causes intense visual hallucinations
• Lasts 30-60 minutes
• Nickname is businessmans special

18
Other Indole Psychedelics

• Morning Glory Seeds (ololiuqui) Hawaiian Wood
  Rose Seeds)
• Contains a LSD-like substance (1/10 potency of
  LSD)
• Sold commercially, but dipped in toxic substance
  to prevent misuse
• Foxy (5-methoxy-N-N-diisopropyltryptamine
  (5-Me-DIPT) AMT (alphamethyltryptamine)
• Appeared in early 2000s, but not listed as
  scheduled drugs
• People have been prosecuted under Federal Drug
  analogue statue
• Effects include hallucinations, euphoria,
  empathy, visual and auditory disturbances
  (illusions) and emotional distress
• Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
• Yage
• Amazonian vine
• Causes intense vomiting and diarrhea
• Dreamlike state lasting up to 10 hours

19
(No Transcript)
20
Peyote, MDMA and Other Phenylalkylamine
Psychedelics

• Peyote (mescaline)
• Mescaline is the active component of the peyote
  cactus
• Used by native Americans in ceremony
• 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that use of
  peyote not protected by Constitution and states
  can ban it
• Effects
• Derived from tops of peyote cactus cut at ground
  level
• Lasts approx. 12 hours
• Similar to LSD with emphasis on colorful visions

21
Psycho-Stimulants

• MDMA (ecstacy, rave, XTX, X, Adam, E
• Shorter acting than MDA (4-6 vs 10-12 hours)
• Can be snorted, swallowed or injected
• Usually sold in capsules, tablets or powder
• Taken at raves
• First discovered in 1914, but not until 1969 was
  a study first published
• Recommended use was for patients with repressed
  memories
• 2002 about 7.2 of high school seniors used MDMA
• Capsule or tablet cost 10 35
• DEA report found that 30-50 of tablets sold at
  raves had no MDMA, but contained other drugs,
  including amphetamines, PCP or MDA

22
MDMA

• MDMA has effects similar to amphetamines
• Tightness of muscles, Muscle spasms, Clenching of
  teeth just before psychic effects begin to appear
• Tolerance is rapid
• Physical side effects include
• High body temperature
• High blood pressure
• Seizures

23
MDMA

• Emotional Side Effects
• Feelings of hapiness
• Clarity
• Peace
• Pleasure
• Altered perceptions without depersonalization
• Nonsexual empathy for others
• First few hours ecstasy forces nerve cells to
  release their reservoirs of serotonin into the
  synaptic gap, depleting vesicles in 3hours
• Takes up to a week or more to produce a
  sufficient amount of serotonin
• Excessive stimulation cause serotonin receptors
  to retreat causing severe depression and suicidal
  ideation
• High-dose can result in acute anxiety

24
Belladonna, Henbane, Mandrake Datura

• Used in ancient times through Middle Ages and
  Renaissance
• Plants contain scopolamine, hyoscyamine and
  atropine
• Used in magic ceremonies, sorcery, witchcraft and
  religious rituals
• Used as poison
• To mimic insanity
• Beauty aid for women to dialate pupils and make
  the eyes more stricking
• Speeds heart rate, creates intense thirst and
  raises body temperatures to dangerous levels

25
Belladonna, Henbane, Mandrake Datura

• Creates some hallucinations
• Separation from reality
• Deep sleep for 48 hours
• Synthetic anticholingergics like Cogentin and
  Artane are used to treat side effects of
  antipsychotic drugs
• Also used to treat Parkinsons Disease
• Derived from legal sources then abused

26
Ketamine

• Disassociative general anesthetic used in human
  and veterinary medical procedures
• Very similar to PCP
• Shares the same receptor site as PCP, although
  both have different duration of action
• Ketamine is shorter than PCP
• Can be crystalized by microwave from medical and
  dental supplies then smoked in cocaine freebase
  pipe or ground and snorted
• Full psychedelic experience includes
• Out-of-body or near-death experience with
  depersonalization
• Hallucinations
• Delirium
• Bizarre or mystical experiences

27
Ketamine

• Toxic Side Effects include
• Respiratory depression
• Increased heart rate and blood presure
• Belligerent Behavior
• Convulsions
• Coma
• Major effects lasts one hour or less
• Classified as a Schedule III drug

28
PCP Angel Dust, Peep, KJ Shermans, Ozone

• Originally produced as an anesthetic for humans
• Only supplies now are illegal ones
• Can be snorted, swallowed, smoked or injected
• Acts like ketamine, only lasts longer
• Low dose last 1-2 hours
• Moderate dose 4-6 hours
• High dose last up to 48 hours
• High frequency of bad trips as well as blackouts

29
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols

• Exsited for over 10,000 years
• Origin in China and Asian, then spread to almost
  every country
• 2001 more than 12 million Americans were using
  marijuana on a monthly basis, with an average of
  18 joints
• 110,000 emergency room visits
• 39 of adult males and 26 of adult females
  arrested had marijuana in their systems
• 53 of juvenile males and 38 female juveniles
  arrested had marijuana in their systems

30
(No Transcript)
31
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols

• Sinsemillia growing technique increase the
  potency of marijuana plant
• Rolled in joints or smoked in pipes
• Can be eaten or cooked in foods
• Sticky resin pressed into cakes are called
  hashish
• Extracted from plant using solvents
• Majority of marijuana comes from Mexico and
  Colombia
• People in U.S. grow their own with risk of legal
  consequences

32
(No Transcript)
33
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols

• 420 chemicals in marijuana plant
• Psychoactive agent is Delta9 Tetrahydrocannabinol
  or THC
• THC concentration increased from 1-3 in 1960s to
  4-15 since then
• 1990 researchers found receptor sites in brain
  specifically reactive to marijuana
• Marijuana has relative few receptor sites to
  attach to in the autonomic nervous system so
  difficult to overdose

34
(No Transcript)
35
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols

• Short-term Effects
• Physical relation
• Sedation
• Some pain control
• Bloodshot eyes
• Coughing from lung irritation
• Increase in appetite
• Increased heart rate
• Increased blood flow through mucous membranes of
  the eye
• Decreased nausea
• Can act as both a stimulant and depressant
  depending on variety, the amount absorbed in
  brain and setting in which it is used and
  personality of person
• Causes disruption of the secretion of male
  hormone testosterone

36
(No Transcript)
37
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols

• Mental Effects
• Within a few minutes a user becomes confused
• Mentally separated from environment
• Produces a feeling of déjà vu
• Aloof feeling
• Drowsiness
• Difficulty concentrating
• Produces giddiness
• Increased alertness
• Major distortions of time, color and sound
• Exaggerates mood and personality
• Makes smokers empathic to others feelings
• Can impair judgement

38
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols

• Long-term effects
• Respiratory problems
• Acute and chronic brochitis
• Destroys cilia in breathing passages
• Cellular changes in cell nucleus
• Precursor to cancer
• Immune System
• Heavy use can depress immune system and increase
  risk of disease and infection
• Learning and Emotional Maturation
• Slow learning and disrupt concentration on
  short-term memory
• Thoughts and feelings internalized
• Acute mental Effects
• Can cause anxiety or temporary psychotic
  reactions
• Can cause paranoia or have effects similar to
  cocaine or amphetamine or PCP

39
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols

• Tolerance
• Occurs in rapid and dramatic fashion
• Persists in body for up to 3 months though
  effects lasts 3-6 hours after smoking
• Withdrawal (Not everyone experiences)
• No rapid onset of withdrawal since much is
  retained in the brain
• Anger
• Pains
• Chills
• Inability to concentrate
• Depression
• Sleep disturbances
• Decreased appetite
• Sweating
• And craving

40
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols

• 1994 anatagonist receptor discovered and blocked
  in an experiment which caused animals to go into
  major withdrawals
• Chronic smokers have difficulty quiting
• Has the ability to induce compulsive use
• Gateway drug through associating with others who
  smoke and use other illicit drugs
• Most widely used illicit drug
• D

41
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols

• Impairs Driving due to effects of drowsiness and
  impaired judgement
• Limited data on amount of THC in body
• Many arrested for DUI had marijuana too
• 65 of heavy drinkers smoke marijuana

42
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols

• Medical use
• Treat insomnia
• Calm anxiety
• Control headaches
• Childbirth inducer
• Control asthma
• Treat withdrawal from opiates
• Control spasms
• Increase appetite
• Recommended for glacoma
• Nausea control
• Marinol legal synthetic oral form of THC but
  rarely prescribed