Global Risk Factors For Cancer - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 45
About This Presentation
Title:

Global Risk Factors For Cancer

Description:

Eat well: A healthy diet includes plenty of foods that are high in fiber, ... For colon cancer, colonoscopy is considered the gold standard although its ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:459
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 46
Provided by: Nad25
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Global Risk Factors For Cancer


1
  • Global Risk Factors For Cancer
  • By
  • Salwa Hassan Teama
  • M.D.N.C.I. Cairo, Egypt

2
Contents
  • Cancer
  • Cancer as a Global Health Problem
  • Cancer As a Genetic Disease
  • Risk Factor
  • Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Avoidable Cancer Risk
  • Primary Prevention
  • Early detection (Screening)
  • Genetic testing

3
Cancer
  • Cancer is one of the most common and severe
    problems of clinical medicine.
  • Cancer is not a single disease but rather a name
    applied to a great variety of malignant tumor
    that are formed by the same basic process of
    uncontrolled growth.

4
Cancer as a Global Health Problem
  • Cancer has emerged as a major public health
    problem in developing countries for the first
    time, matching its effect in industrialized
    nations. This is a global problem.

5
Cancer
  • Cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that
    form tissues.
  • Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells
    as the body needs them. When cells grow old, they
    die, and new cells take their place.
  • Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New
    cells form when the body does not need them, and
    old cells do not die. These extra cells can form
    a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor.

6
Cancer
  • Cell proliferation results in a mass (neoplasm or
    tumor) that invade neighboring tissues and may
    metastasize to more distant sites. The growth is
    autonomous, increasingly malignant, and if left
    untreated, invariably fatal.
  • Early diagnosis and early treatment are vital,
    and identification of persons at increased risk
    of cancer before its development is an important
    objective of cancer research.

7
Cancer
  • The etiology of cancer is multifactorial, with
    genetic, environmental, medical, and lifestyle
    factors interacting to produce a given
    malignancy.
  • Knowledge of cancer genetics is rapidly improving
    our understanding of cancer biology, helping to
    identify at-risk individuals, this expanding
    knowledge base has implications for all aspects
    of cancer management, including prevention,
    screening, and treatment.

8
Cancer As a Genetic Disease
  • It is now believed that cancer is caused by
    genetic mutations most often, by a series of
    mutations, some of which may be inherited.
  • Certain normal genes involved in cell growth,
    development, and differentiation can be converted
    into cancer-causing "oncogenes" by mutation.
    Other genes that normally prevent the
    uncontrolled growth of cells "suppressor" genes
    can also produce cancer if they are knocked out
    by genetic mutations.

9
Cancer As a Genetic Disease
  • Single mutations are generally not sufficient to
    cause cancer, but they produce changes that may
    predispose cells to malignant growth. Additional
    mutations in other genes, caused by damage from
    the environment, continue the cells' malignant
    transformation. Thus, cancer is a multi-step
    process involving the interaction between genes
    and their environment.

10
www.accessexcellence.org/.../genes-cancer.gif
11
Cancer as a Global Health Problem
  • In the year 2000, malignant tumors were
    responsible for 12 percent of the nearly 56
    million deaths worldwide from all causes. In many
    countries, more than a quarter of deaths are
    attributable to cancer. In 2000, 5.3 million men
    and 4.7 million women developed a malignant tumor
    and altogether 6.2 million died from the disease.

12
Cancer as a Global Health Problem
  • The predicted sharp increase in new cases from 10
    million new cases globally in 2000, to 15 million
    in 2020 will mainly be due to steadily ageing
    populations in both developed and developing
    countries and also to current trends in smoking
    prevalence and the growing adoption of unhealthy
    lifestyles.

13
Risk Factor
  • A risk factor is anything that increases a
    person's chance of getting a disease. Some risk
    factors can be changed, and others cannot. Risk
    factors for cancer can include a person's age,
    sex, and family medical history. Others are
    linked to cancer-causing factors in the
    environment. Still others are related to
    lifestyle choices such as tobacco and alcohol
    use, diet, and sun exposure.

14
Risk Factor
  • Cancers of the lung, mouth, larynx, bladder,
    kidney, cervix, esophagus, and pancreas are
    related to tobacco use, including cigarettes,
    cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff. Smoking alone
    causes one-third of all cancer deaths.
  • Skin cancer is related to unprotected exposure to
    strong sunlight.

15
Risk Factor
  • Breast cancer risk factors include several
    factors age changes in hormone levels
    throughout life, such as age at first
    menstruation, number of pregnancies, and age at
    menopause obesity and physical activity. Also,
    women with a mother or sister who have had breast
    cancer are more likely to develop the disease.

16

Risk Factor
  • Prostate cancer risk factors include
  • Age, race, and diet
  • Older age
  • Prostate cancer is more common among
    African-American men than among white men.
  • High-fat diet
  • Men with a father or brother who have had
    prostate cancer are more likely to get it.

17
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Old age
  • Environmental factors, defined broadly to include
    tobacco use, diet, infectious diseases and
    sunlight.
  • Unhealthy lifestyle (Western lifestyle) Poor
    diet, lack of physical activity, or being
    overweight
  • Occupational carcinogens
  • Radiation
  • Chemicals and other substance
  • Obesity
  • Family history of cancer (Genetic susceptibility)
  • Alcohol
  • In the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), any chronic
    tissue damage with necrosis and regeneration
    carries an in creased cancer risk, e.g.
    consumption of very hot beverages (squamous cell
    carcinoma of the esophagus), gastro-oesophageal
    reflux (adenocarcinoma of the esophagus), chronic
    gastritis induced by H. pylori infection (stomach
    cancer), Crohns disease (cancer of the small
    intestines) and ulcerative colitis (colon cancer)

18
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Many of these risk factors can be avoided.
    Others, such as family history, cannot be
    avoided. People can protect themselves by staying
    away from known risk factors whenever possible.

19
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Growing Older
  • The most important risk factor for cancer is
    growing older. Most cancers occur in people over
    the age of 65. But people of all ages, including
    children, can get cancer, too ...

20
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Tobacco
  • Tobacco use is the most preventable cause of
    death.
  • Using tobacco products or regularly being around
    tobacco smoke (environmental or secondhand smoke)
    increases the risk of cancer.
  • Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to
    develop cancer.
  • People who use smokeless tobacco (snuff or
    chewing tobacco) are at increased risk of cancer
    of the mouth.

21
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Sunlight
  • Ultraviolet (UV) radiation comes from the sun,
    sunlamps, and tanning booths. It causes early
    aging of the skin and skin damage that can lead
    to skin cancer.

22
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Poor Diet, Lack of Physical Activity, or Being
    Overweight People may be at increased risk of
    several types of cancer. For example, studies
    suggest that people whose diet is high in fat
    have an increased risk of cancers of the colon,
    uterus, and prostate. Lack of physical activity
    and being overweight are risk factors for cancers
    of the breast, colon, esophagus, kidney, and
    uterus. Choose a diet rich in fruits and
    vegetables.

23
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Being infected with certain viruses or
    bacteria may increase the risk of developing
    cancer
  • Human papillomaviruses HPV infection is the
    main cause of cervical cancer. It also may be a
    risk factor for other types of cancer.
  • Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses Liver cancer
    can develop after many years of infection with
    hepatitis B or hepatitis C.
  • Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus HTLV-1
    Infection with HTLV-1 increases a person's risk
    of lymphoma and leukemia.
  • Human immunodeficiency virus HIV HIV is the
    virus that causes AIDS. People who have HIV
    infection are at greater risk of cancer, such as
    lymphoma and a rare cancer called Kaposi's
    sarcoma.
  • Epstein-Barr virus EBV Infection with EBV has
    been linked to an increased risk of lymphoma.
  • Human herpesvirus 8 HHV8 This virus is a risk
    factor for Kaposi's sarcoma.
  • Helicobacter pylori This bacterium can cause
    stomach ulcers. It also can cause stomach cancer
    and lymphoma in the stomach lining.

24
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • The Western lifestyle and its health risksThe
    Western lifestyle is characterized by a highly
    caloric diet, rich in fat, refined carbohydrates
    and animal protein, combined with low physical
    activity, resulting in an overall energy
    imbalance. It is associated with a multitude of
    disease conditions, including obesity, diabetes,
    cardiovascular disease, arterial hypertension and
    cancer.

25
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Ionizing Radiation
  • Ionizing radiation can cause cell damage that
    leads to cancer.
  • Certain Chemicals and Other Substances
  • People who have certain jobs (such as painters,
    construction workers, and those in the chemical
    industry) have an increased risk of cancer. Many
    studies have shown that exposure to asbestos,
    benzene, benzidine, cadmium, nickel, or vinyl
    chloride in the workplace can cause cancer.

26
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Certain Hormones
  • Recommendation of hormones estrogen alone or
    estrogen along with progestin to help control
    problems (such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness,
    and thinning bones) that may occur during
    menopause. However, studies show that menopausal
    hormone therapy can cause serious side effects .
    Hormones may increase the risk of breast cancer,
    heart attack, stroke, or blood clots.

27

Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Obesity is spreading epidemically throughout
    the world. It visualizes a chronic energy
    imbalance and is an independent predictor of an
    increased cancer risk, particularly for
    carcinomas of the uterine endometrium, kidney and
    gall bladder.

28
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Family History of Cancer
  • Most cancers develop because of changes
    mutations in genes. A normal cell may become a
    cancer cell after a series of gene changes occur.
  • Some gene changes that increase the risk of
    cancer are passed from parent to child. These
    changes are present at birth in all cells of the
    body.

29
Global Risk Factor Of Cancer
  • Alcohol
  • Having more than two drinks each day for many
    years may increase the chance of developing
    cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx,
    liver, and breast. The risk increases with the
    amount of alcohol that a person drinks. The risk
    is higher for a drinker who uses tobacco.

30
Cancer control strategies
  • The aim of cancer control is a reduction in
    both the incidence of the disease and the
    associated morbidity and mortality, as well as
    improved life for cancer patients and their
    families. In addition to substantial
    opportunities for primary prevention.

31
Primary Prevention
Avoidable Cancer Risk
  • The best possible prevention against cancer
    remains the avoidance of exposure to
    cancer-causing agents this is called primary
    prevention (e.g tobacco, industrial carcinogens,
    etc .
  • Reduction of tobacco consumption. It remains the
    most important avoidable cancer risk. In the 20th
    century, approximately 100 million people died
    world-wide from tobacco-associated diseases .

32
Avoidable Cancer Risk
  • Having a healthy diet, being physically active,
    and maintaining a healthy weight may help reduce
    cancer risk.
  • Eat well A healthy diet includes plenty of
    foods that are high in fiber, vitamins, and
    minerals. This includes whole-grain breads and
    cereals and 5 to 9 servings of fruits and
    vegetables every day. Also, a healthy diet means
    limiting foods high in fat (such as butter, whole
    milk, fried foods, and red meat .
  • Be active and maintain a healthy weight Physical
    activity can help control your weight and reduce
    body fat. Moderate physical activity (such as
    brisk walking) for at least 30 minutes on 5 or
    more days each week is recommended.

33
Food Guide Pyramid
34
Avoidable Cancer RiskEarly DAETECTION (Screening)
  • Early detection the best strategy second to
    primary prevention.
  • Early detection through screening, particularly
    for cervical and breast cancers, allow for
    prevention and successful cure.

35
Screening and early detection of cancer
  • Early detection of cancer greatly increases the
    chances for successful treatment.
  • There are two major components of early detection
    of cancer education to promote early diagnosis
    and screening.

36
Screening and early detection of cancer
  • Recognizing possible warning signs of cancer
    leads to early diagnosis. Increased awareness of
    possible warning signs of cancer, among
    physicians, nurses and other health care
    providers as well as among the general public,
    can have a great impact on the disease.
  • Some early signs of cancer include lumps, sores
    that fail to heal, abnormal bleeding, persistent
    indigestion, and chronic hoarseness. Early
    diagnosis is particularly relevant for cancers of
    the breast, cervix, mouth, larynx, colon and
    rectum, and skin.

37
  • The most successful is the early detection of
    cervical cancer by cytology and of breast cancer
    by mammography.
  • Prostate cancer screening by assessment of
    serum PSA levels may result in lower mortality
    rates.
  • For colon cancer, colonoscopy is considered the
    gold standard although its application in
    population-based screening programs would require
    considerable medical resources.

38

Avoidable Cancer Risk
  • Vaccinations HBV vaccination has already been
    shown to prevent liver cancer in high-incidence
    countries and it is likely that human
    papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination will become a
    reality in 3 to 5 years.

39
Avoidable Cancer Risk
  • Genetic testing. These tests can check for
    certain inherited gene changes that increase the
    chance of developing cancer. But inheriting a
    gene change does not mean that you will
    definitely develop cancer. It means that you have
    an increased chance of developing the disease.

40

Avoidable Cancer Risk
  • Genetic information Sources of genetic
    information include biologic samples of DNA,
    information derived from a persons with a family
    history of disease.
  • Family history may identify people with a modest
    to moderately increased risk of cancer or may
    serve as the first step in the identification of
    an inherited cancer predisposition that confers a
    very high lifetime risk of cancer. For an
    increasing number of diseases, DNA-based testing
    can be used to identify a specific mutation as
    the cause of inherited risk and to determine
    whether family members have inherited the
    disease-related mutation.

41
Avoidable Cancer Risk
  • Genetic testing Drawback
  • Psychological impact. First, there are the
    emotions aroused by learning that one is or is
    not likely to develop a serious disease. Many
    people in disease families have already seen
    close relatives fall victim to the disorder. So
    persons carry the disease gene can elicit
    depression, even despair.

42
Avoidable Cancer Risk
  • School education programs for tobacco hazards
    and healthy dietary habits, especially because
    very few countries currently have effective
    education programs.
  • National cancer control programs can help to
    ensure that governments take the necessary
    actions to guarantee that the public has the
    motivation to adopt healthy personal habits.

43
Avoidable Cancer Risk
  • New drugs will not necessarily eradicate tumors,
    but when used in combination with other agents,
    may turn many cases of rapidly fatal cancer into
    manageable chronic illness.

44
conclusion
  • Primary prevention by avoidance of risk factor ,
    Education to promote early diagnosis and
    screening are the gold standard to decrease
    cancer risk and benefit of all humankind.

45
References Further Reading
  • http//www.who.int/topics/cancer/en/
  • http//www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content
  • http//www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/overview/
    page4
  • http//www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/NIH/gene13
    .html
  • http//www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/o
    verview/healthprofessional
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com