Title: The School Counseling Research Base: Identifying Interventions That Work
1The School Counseling Research Base Identifying
Interventions That Work
- Massachusetts School Counselors Association
- May 8, 2006
- John Carey Carey Dimmitt
- National Center for School Counseling Outcome
Research
2Download Power Point at National Center for
School Counseling Outcome Research Website
3Factors Leading to Need Data Skills in School
Counseling
- Accountability Movement
- Standards-Based Education Movement (NCLB)
- School Reform Movement
- New Models of School Counseling Practice
- Education Trust Transforming School Counseling
Initiative - ASCA National Model
4A Model of Evidence-Based Practice
Practitioners Individual Expertise
Best Evidence
Client Values and Expectations
EBP
Adapted from Shlonsky and Gibbs (2004), Will
the Real Evidence-Based Practice Please Stand Up?
Teaching the Process of Evidence-Based Practice
to the Helping Professions. In Brief Treatment
and Crisis Intervention, 4(2), 137-153.
5Evidence-Based Practice in School Counseling
Intervention and Program EvaluationCompetence
Outcome Research Competence
Assessment of Intervention Targets and
Goals
EBP
6Evidence-Based Practice in School Counseling
Intervention and Program EvaluationCompetence
Outcome Research Competence
Assessment of Intervention Targets and
Goals Knowing what is needed
EBP
7Evidence-Based Practice in School Counseling
Intervention and Program EvaluationCompetence
Outcome Research Competence Knowing what
generally works
Assessment of Intervention Targets and
Goals
EBP
8Evidence-Based Practice in School Counseling
Outcome Research Competence
Intervention and Program EvaluationCompetence
Knowing how studentschanged
Assessment of Intervention Targets and Goals
EBP
9Evidence-Based Practice in School Counseling
Intervention and Program EvaluationCompetence
Outcome Research Competence
Assessment of Intervention Targets and
Goals
EBP
10Terms
- Data-Based Decision Making use of school data to
determine problems that need to be addressed. - Outcome Research use of the scientific method to
discover generalizable truth about the
effectiveness of interventions. - Evaluation use of the scientific method to
improve local decision-making by determining
whether it was likely that an intervention
resulted in desired changes in behavior.
11How These Fit Together
- Data-Based Decision Making
- 8th graders in Carey Middle school are doing
poorly on the state test - Outcome Research
- Research yields strong evidence that Student
Success Skills can increase test scores by
teaching self-management and enhancing motivation - Program Evaluation
- Carey Middle School students learn self
management and improve grades and test scores
after SSS
12Critical Skills
- Surveying the Outcome Research Literature
- Evaluating Selected Interventions (Action
Research)
13Evidence for Important Causal Relationships in
Outcome Research
- Not all research is equal
- Research Quality is related to the confidence
with which causal inferences can be made - Research Quality is related to
- Internal validity
- External validity
14Pre-Evidence-Based Education Pre-ASCA National
Model
Career Development Outcomes
School Counseling Interventions
Academic Development Outcomes
Personal/Social Development Outcomes
15Post-Evidence-Based Education Post-ASCA
National Model
Career Development Outcomes
School Counseling Interventions
Academic Development Outcomes
Personal/Social Development Outcomes
16Post-Evidence-Based Education Post-ASCA
National Model
Career Development Outcomes
School Counseling Interventions
Academic Development Outcomes
Personal/Social Development Outcomes
Strong Evidence
Promising Evidence
Weak Evidence
17National Panel for Evidence-Based School
Counseling Practice Criteria for Strong
Evidence
- 1. Measurement
- Principle Important academic, career and/or
personal/social outcomes are measured using
reliable and valid instruments. - Strong Evidence
- Outcomes measures have established high
reliability and validity characteristics. - Outcome measures are established to be
appropriate for the population under study. - Promising Evidence
- Outcome measures have been used in previous
studies. - Reliability characteristics are evaluated in the
study and show adequate reliability. - Logical argument supports the appropriateness of
the measures for the population under study.
18National Panel for Evidence-Based School
Counseling Practice Criteria for Strong
Evidence
- 2. Comparison Groups
- Principle Comparison groups with adequate
controls are included so that resulting group
differences can be attributed to the
intervention. - Strong Evidence
- Active Comparison Groups (alternative treatment)
with Adequate Controls (attention, placebo) are
included in an outcome study. - Initial Group Equivalence is assures through
random assignment. - Group Equivalence in Mortality/Attrition is
established - Promising Evidence
- Groups equated through matching or statistical
procedures (e.g. ANCOVA) or strong pre-post-test
designs are used with adequate controls.
19National Panel for Evidence-Based School
Counseling Practice Criteria for Strong
Evidence
- 3. Statistical Analyses of Outcome Variables
- Principle Statistical analysis documents low
probability of Type 1 error and potency of
intervention. - Strong Evidence
- Statistically significant finding using
appropriate test - Control for Experimentwise error rate
- Adequate N
- At least a Moderate Effect size for critical
outcome variable - Promising Evidence
- Statistically significant finding using
appropriate test - Control for Experimentwise error rate
- Adequate N
- At least a Small Effect size for critical outcome
variable
20National Panel for Evidence-Based School
Counseling Practice Criteria for Strong
Evidence
- 4. Implementation Fidelity
- Principle Intervention can be delivered with
fidelity across contexts and is not contaminated
with implementer. - Strong Evidence
- Intervention is extensively documented (manual or
protocol) so that it can be reliably replicated. - Intervention is delivered by multiple people with
adequate training and checks for adherence to
protocol. - Promising Evidence
- Intervention is standardized and can be delivered
across contexts. - Intervention is delivered by multiple people with
adequate training.
21National Panel for Evidence-Based School
Counseling Practice Criteria for Strong
Evidence
- 5. Replication
- Principle The same intervention independently
implemented with an equivalent population results
in equivalent outcomes. - Strong Evidence
- Independent evaluators find equivalent outcomes
with a similar population. - Promising Evidence
- Same evaluator finds equivalent outcomes with
same population
22National Panel for Evidence-Based School
Counseling Practice Criteria for Strong
Evidence
- 6. Ecological Validity
- Principle The intervention can be implemented
effectively in a public school with consistent
effects across all student subgroups or with
known differences between student subgroups.
Limitations of the generalizability of results
are clearly explicated. - Strong Evidence
- Study conducted in a diverse public school.
- Outcomes are assesses across different subgroups
of students or clearly specified as valid for a
specific subgroup. - Promising Evidence
- Study conducted in a private, laboratory, or
charter school or in a public school with limited
diversity.
23National Panel for Evidence-Based School
Counseling Practice Criteria for Strong
Evidence
- 7. Persistence of Effect
- Principle The intervention results in a lasting
effect on an important outcome measure. - Strong Evidence Treatment-Comparison Group
Differences are demonstrated to persist for a
practically significant time period. - Promising Evidence Treatment-Comparison Group
Differences are demonstrated to persist beyond
the immediate implementation.
24Methods for Weighing Evidence
- Research Briefs
- Analytic Reviews
- Meta-Analytic Reviews
- Expert Panels, Centers and Institutes
- Research Literature Searches School-Based Teams
25Research Briefs
- Center for School Counseling Outcome Research
26Analytic Reviews
- Whiston and Sexton, 1994
- McGannon, Carey and Dimmitt, 2005
27Meta-Analytic Reviews
- Gene Glass
- Select studies
- Compute effect size
- Group studies
- Interventions
- Outcomes
- Quality
28Meta-Analytic Reviews
- Effect Size (Welkowitz, Ewen Cohen)
- .20Small
- .50Medium
- .80Large
29Meta-Analysis of School Counseling Interventions
30Information on Studies
- 117 studies
- 69.2 published
- 30.8 thesis/dissertations
- Participants
- 16,296 total
- Age
- Elementary 59 studies (50.4)
- Middle/Junior High 21 studies (17.9)
- High School 29 studies (24.8)
- Mixture 7 studies (6)
- Unreported 1 study (.9)
31Interventions
- 153 school counseling interventions
- Types of interventions
- Guidance Curriculum 44 studies/57 interventions
- Individual Planning 9 studies/10 interventions
- Responsive Services 58 studies/74 interventions
- Program-Wide Services 8 studies/9 interventions
- Other 2 studies/3 interventions
- Length of interventions
- Number of sessions M12.44 , SD 15.53, Range
1-120 - Number of hours M8.41 , SD 6.87, Range .42-40
- Duration M71.76 , SD 87.52, Range 1-720
- Providers of interventions
- Experienced counselor 37.9 (58 interventions)
- Counselor in training 9.8 (15 interventions)
- Teacher 8.5 (13 interventions)
- Student peer 3.3 (5 interventions)
- Student independent 5.9 (9 interventions)
- Other 5.9 (9 interventions)
- Combination 13.7 (21 interventions)
32Outcomes
- 785 outcomes
- Cognitive 12.2 (96 outcomes)
- Behavioral 34.8 (273 outcomes)
- Affective 39.0 (306 outcomes)
- Effective Role Functioning 9.4 (74 outcomes)
- Satisfaction .1 (1 outcome)
- Global evaluation of school counseling program
.4 (3 outcomes)
33Effect Sizes
- Unweighted .46
- Weighted .29 (based on 153 interventions)
- CI .26 to .32
- Q 616.124, p lt .001
34Grade Level and Type of Intervention
- Grade level effect sizes
- Elementary ES .25
- Middle School ES .39
- High School ES .34
- Type of intervention
- Guidance Curriculum ES .33 (44 studies/57
interventions) - Individual Planning ES .27 (9 studies/10
interventions) - Responsive Services ES .35 (58 studies/74
interventions) - Program Wide Evaluation .19 (8 studies/9
interventions)
35Program component by Grade level
- Guidance Curriculum
- Elementary ES .29
- Middle School ES .41
- High School ES .39
- Individual Planning
- Elementary ES -.137 (1 intervention)
- Middle School ES 1.01 (3 interventions)
- High School ES .22 (6 interventions
- Responsive Services
- Elementary ES .40 (45 interventions)
- Middle School ES .22 (10 interventions)
- High School ES .34 (20 interventions)
36Cognitive Outcomes
- Overall ES .19 (94 outcomes)
- GPA ES .19 (49 outcomes)
- Academic Achievement tests ES .16 (16 outcomes)
- Career knowledge ES .61 (12 outcomes from 3
studies) - Other ES .73 (19 outcomes from 11 studies)
37Behavioral Outcomes
- Overall ES .39 (274 outcomes)
- Behavior rating scales ES .24 (123 outcomes)
- No study examined change in enrollment (e.g.,
taking more difficult classes) as an outcome
measure - Attendance ES .30 (19 outcomes)
- Interpersonal or social skills ES .34 (55
outcomes) - Aggressive behavior/fights ES .26 (12 outcomes)
- Problem-solving skills ES .96 (26 outcomes)
- Peer counseling skills ES 1.12 (15 outcomes)
- Number of disciplinary referrals ES .82 (9
outcomes) - Other ES .25 (14 outcomes)
38Affective Outcomes
- Overall ES .22 (306 outcomes)
- Self-esteem ES .18 (172 outcomes22 of total
outcomes) - Personal/social adjustment ES .24 (27 outcomes)
- Anxiety ES .39 (35 outcomes)
- Depression ES .35 (6 outcomes)
- Other ES .24 (66 outcomes)
39Effective Role Functioning
- Overall ES .12 (74 outcomes)
- Career maturity/decidedness ES .20 (30
outcomes) - Academic functioning ES -.17 (9 outcomes)
- Other ES .12 (35 outcomes)
40Conclusion
- School counseling interventions moderately
effective - Individual planning at middle school level has a
large effect size (small number of studies) - Guidance curriculum more effective at middle and
high school level whereas, responsive services
have a larger effect size at elementary level - Large effects
- Career knowledge
- Problem solving
- Disciplinary referrals
- Contributes to academic achievement
- Moderately effective in reducing anxiety and
depression, increasing interpersonal social
skills, and positively influencing attendance
41Expert Panels Centers and Institutes
- National Panel for Evidence-Based School
Counseling Practice
42Second Step EBP Protocol Summary
- Protocol Domain
- 1. Measurement
- 2. Comparison Groups
- 3. Statistical Analysis of Outcome Variables
- Second Step
- Strong Evidence
- Strong Evidence
- Strong Evidence
43Second Step EBP Protocol Summary
- Protocol Domain
- 4. Implementation Fidelity
- 5. Replication
- 6. Ecological Validity
- 7. Persistence of Effect
- Second Step
- Strong Evidence
- Strong Evidence
- Strong Evidence
- Strong Evidence
44SSS EBP Protocol Summary
- Protocol Domain
- Measurement
- Comparison Groups
- Statistical Analysis of Outcome Variables
- SSS
- Strong Evidence
- Promising Evidence
- Strong Evidence
45SSS EBP Protocol Summary
- Protocol Domain
- 4. Implementation Fidelity
- 5. Replication
- 6. Ecological Validity
- 7. Persistence of Effect
- SSS
- Strong Evidence
- Promising Evidence
- Strong Evidence
- Weak Evidence
46Other Resources
- What Works Clearing House
- CDC/DASH Programs That Work
- SDFS Exemplary and Promising Programs
- SAMHSA National Registry of Evidence-Based
Programs and Practices - Collaborative for Academic Social and Emotional
Learning
47School-Based Teams
- Best done in the Context of Data-Based Decision
Making - Team includes key perspectives and resources
- Team has identified problem data, (academic,
career, psychosocial) and vision data (what
problem data should look like in the future. - Now the focus is on what evidence-based
interventions are most likely to result in a
change in the problem behavior
48School-based Teams
- What research-based interventions are out there?
- Does the evidence support a link between the
intervention and the desired outcomes? - Does the evidence support intervention
effectiveness with the desired target students? - Can the intervention be implemented with fidelity
in your setting? - Is the intervention feasible in your setting?
- Are evaluation materials included in the
intervention (if not, how will it be evaluated)?
49School-Based Teams
50School-Based Teams
- Sample Matrix of Interventions
- Feasibility Checklist
51Questions and Discussion
52National Center for School Counseling Outcome
Research
www.cscor.org