Before we begin Chapter 7, lets review

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Before we begin Chapter 7, lets review
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Vocal Cord

• Glottis is the space between the vocal folds.
• Vocal folds are the two moving parts.

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Voice

• Breathy voice (murmur) ? A type of phonation in
  which the vocal folds are only slightly apart so
  that they vibrate while allowing a high rate of
  airflow through the glottis, as in Hindi /??/.
• Creaky voice (laryngealization) ? A type of
  phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages hold
  the posterior end of the vocal folds together so
  that they can vibrate only at the other end, as
  in Hausa /??/.

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Breathy voice
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Creaky voice
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Voice Onset Time (VOT)

• The interval between the release of a closure
  (air) and the beginning of vocal cord vibration
  (voicing).
• In English, consonants with a VOT greater than 25
  milliseconds are perceived as voiceless (such as
  /p/), and VOTs less that 25 milliseconds are
  perceived as voiced (such as /b/).

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Place and Manner of Articulation

• A course in PhoneticsChapter 7

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Place and Manner of Articulation

• Places of Articulation
• Manners of Articulation
• Summary of Manners of Articulation

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Nasals, Stops and FricativesTable 7.3, p. 147
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Places of ArticulationFig. 7.1, p. 140
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Bilabial fricatives

• Not in English, but in Ewe of West Africa
• Pronounced by bringing the two lips nearly
  together, so that there is only a slit between
  them. Examples ?, ?
• Ewe

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Linguo-labials

• A few Austronesian languages spoken in Venuatu.
• The tongue touches the upper lip.
• Venen Taut has nasals, stops, and fricatives
  made in this way.

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Linguo-labialsVenen Taut
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Contrasts of the place of articulation Malayalam
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Geminate consonant

• Long consonants that can be analyzed as double
  are called geminates.
• Example the long consonant in the middle of
  Italian folla
• Careful many English words are spelled with two
  consonants, but these are NOT usually geminates
  (e.g., running)

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Retroflex fricative ?
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Retroflex Fricative /?/
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Retroflex Fricative /?/
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Apical and Laminal

• Retroflex apical post-alveolar
• Palato-alveolar laminal post-alveolar
• 
  
  
• Apical
• An articulaiton involving the tip of the tongue.
  
• Laminal
• An articulation made with the blade of the tongue.

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Alveolo-palatals ?,?

• These symbols are used for voiceless and voiced
  fricatives in Polish and Chinese.
• They are similar to ?,?, but have considerable
  raising of the front of the tongue.
• They are also made in the post-alveolar region.

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Alveolo-palatal soundsPolish
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Palatal sounds

• Palatal sounds can be defined as being made with
  the front of the tongue approaching or touching
  the hard palate, and with the tip of the tongue
  down behind the lower front teeth.
• The only true palatal in English is /j/, which is
  usually an approximant but may be allophonically
  a voiceless fricative in words such as hue.

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Palatal Lateral Approximant

• Italian

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Velar stops and nasals ?,?,?

• Velar stops and nasals ?,?,? occur in English.
  
• But unlike other languages such as German, we no
  longer have velar fricatives.

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Uvular fricative

• Uvular sounds are made by raising the back of the
  tongue toward the uvula.
• They do not occur at all in most forms of
  English.
• In French, a voiced uvular fricative ? is the
  common form of r in words.

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Voiced uvular fricative or approximant French
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Uvular stops ?,?, and nasals, ?

• These sounds occur in Eskimo, Aleut, and other
  American Indian languages.
• One way of learning to produce uvular sounds is
  to start from a voiceless velar fricative ?.
  While making this sound, slide your tongue
  slightly further back in your mouth so that it is
  close to the uvula. The result will be the
  voiceless uvular fricative ?.

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Velar Fricative /?/
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Velar Fricative /?/
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Contrasts involving stops in Quechua

• Palato-Alveolar Velar Uvular

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Pharyngeal sounds

• Pharyngeal sounds are produced by pulling the
  root of the tongue back toward the back wall of
  the pharynx.
• Many people cannot make a stop at this position.
• It would be literally impossible to make a
  pharyngeal nasal, for closure at the point would
  prevent the airstream from coming through the
  nose.
• Pharyngeal fricatives, ?,?.

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Epiglottal sounds

• Epiglottal sounds are produced with a
  constriction that is even deeper in the throat
  than that in pharyngeal sounds.
• The root of the epiglottis and the lowest part of
  the pharynx just above the larynx form the
  constriction.
• Some Arabic speakers actually use epiglottal
  rather than pharyngeal articulations in the words
  described in the preceding paragraph.

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The simultaneous use of 2 places of articulation

• w Labial velars, or labiovelars
• The English approximant w has both an
  approximation of the lips (making it a bilabial
  sound) and of the back of the tongue and the soft
  palate (making it a velar sound).

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Palatal Nasal sounds

• Italian

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Place and Manner of Articulation

• Places of Articulation
• Manners of Articulation
• Summary of Manners of Articulation

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Stops
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Prenasalized stops in Margi
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Nasals

• Nasals can occur voiced or voiceless.
• As voiceless nasals are comparatively rare, they
  are symbolized simply by adding the voiceless
  diacritic ? under the symbol for the voiced
  sound.

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Fricatives

• 2 ways to produce the rough turbulent flow that
  occurs in the airstream during a fricative.
• It may be just the result of the air passing
  through a narrow gap, as in the formation of f.
• It may be due to the airstream first becoming
  speeded up by being forced through a narrow gap
  and then being directed over a sharp edge, such
  as the teeth, as in the production of s.

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Classification of Fricatives

• Voiced or voiceless
• Places of articulation
• Manner of production

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Trills, Taps, and Flaps

• Trills
• The tip of the tongue is set in motion by the
  current of air
• Tap or flap
• A tap or a flap is caused by a single contraction
  of the muscles so that one articulator is thrown
  against another. It is often just a very rapid
  articulation of a stop.

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Symbols for types of r and for bilabial trills.
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Uvular Fricative (voiceless) /?/
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Uvular Fricative (voiced) /?/
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/?/ Voiced uvular trillFrench
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Laterals

• Voiced alveolar lateral approximant ?
• Voiced alveolar lateral fricative ??
• Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant ? ?
• Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative ?

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Lateral Fricative Sounds

• Zulu
• /?/ /??/

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Place and Manner of Articulation

• Places of Articulation
• Manners of Articulation
• Summary of Manners of Articulation

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Manners of articulation