China and Japan

1
China and Japan
Part I, Birth of China thru the Northern
Wei

• Gov/Hist 352
• Campbell University

2
Japan

• Land Area 145,000 Sq. Miles/ California /-
• Population 128 Million. 99 Japanese. 1 Korean.
  Low Birthrate 1.01 in Tokyo. Low Marriage
  rate-Parasite Singles.
• Arable Land 11.64
• Natural Resources Fish
• Per Capita Income/GDP 28,200/3.582 Trillion
• Life Expectancy Male-78/Female-84.
• Religion Shinto, Buddhist, and animists.

3
Japanese Government

• Form Constitutional Monarchy
• Politics Dominated by the Liberal Democratic
  Party (LDP).
• Policy Objectives To secure resources. The
  major investor in the Pacific Rim. ODA in 1999
  was 11 Billion plus private funds.
• Military Second largest military budget in world
  at 1 of GDP (44.3 Billion). Why?

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe
4
China (PRC)

• Per Capita Income/GDP 2,500/2.97 Trillion with
  growth of 9.5/year.
• Life Expectancy Male-69/Female-71.
• Religion Officially Atheist but Taoism,
  Buddhism, Islam, Christian, Ancestor Worship.

• Land Area 3,723,000/Slightlylt U.S. 4th largest
  country.
• Population 1.3 Billion. One Child Policy-Impact?
  92 Han Chinese. Minorities occupy 60 of land.
• Arable Land 14.86
• Natural Resources Coal, Oil, Iron, Tin, Uranium,
  Lead, etc.

5
Chinese Government

• Form Communist State (Peoples Republic of
  China).
• Politics Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
• Policy Objectives
• Internal unity, economic development, trade,
  secure borders.
• Role of Overseas Chinese
• Military 4.3 of GDP (About 35 Billion)

President Hu Jintao
6
Chinas Military

• China sees its national interest as requiring
  secure borders, access to resources (oil) and
  secure sea routes for trade.
• The status of Taiwan is a continuing issue.
• China is developing a blue water navy and
  modernizing its air forces. It also has
  demonstrated an anti-satellite missile capability.

Chinas newest fighter, the Jian-10
7
Three Gorges Dam

• Located on Yangtze River, 1,500 km west of
  Shanghai
• Worlds largest dam. 1.4 miles long and 600 ft
  high.
• Will generate 18.2 GW from twenty-six 700-MW
  generators.
• Work began in 1993.The dam wall was completed in
  2006 total completion by 2009.

Ships will be able to sail to Chongqing
8
Taiwan (ROC)

• The other China Taiwan (Republic of China).
  Population 21.7 Million
• Chiang Kai-shek and Guomindang fled to Taiwan in
  1949. They ruled Taiwan by marshal law until
  1987.
• The U.S. recognized and supported the ROC vs. the
  PRC as the government of China until 1972.
• The Dutch and Japanese had ruled Taiwan earlier.

9
The Birth Of China
Painted pottery urn.

• Peking man- 50,000 years old remains.
• Yangshao Culture As early as 6000 BCE. Painted
  pottery.
• Longshan/Dawenkou Culture As early as 5000 BCE.
  Black Pottery.

Paper thin black pottery.
10
The Yellow Emperor

• The Yellow Emperor (2698-2598 BC) is a legendary
  figure from whom the Han Chinese claim descent.
  The term yellow refers to the Yellow River
  valley as their land of origin.
• He succeeded Pan Gu, the offspring of Yin Yang
  and the creator of the universe.
• He is credited with founding the Chinese empire
  and may be linked to the Xia Dynasty.

11
Three Early Dynasties

• Xia (Hsia) 2100-1600BC
• Shang (Yin) 1600-1027 BC
• Zhou (Chou) 1027-221 BC
• Western Zhou, Xian or Changan, 1027-771BC
• Eastern Zhou, Louyang, 770-221BC
• Spring and Autumn Annals 770-476 BC
• Warring States 475-221 BC.

12
Cultural Core Area

• The formative influence was disproportionate due
  to idealization of past.
• Nomadic people settled in protected valleys of
  Wei and Yellow Rivers.
• Fortuitous quality of loess soil for compacting
  and plowing. Walls, floors and foundations.
• Farmed millet raised pigs, dogs, sheep,
  chickens, deer, ox, etc.
• Bronze (Cooper-Tin alloy) age tools and artifacts.

13
Remains of Civilization

• Excavation of tombs of kings and nobility such as
  at Anyang yielded
• Treasures of bronze.
• Pottery, marble and jade.
• Chariots, horses and armaments.
• Remains of human sacrifices.
• Dragon/oracle bones.
• Post beam construction.
• Remains of city wall 60ft wide at base, 30 ft hi
  and 4 miles long.

Anyang was the last capital of the Shang Dynasty.
The Shang had 7 capitals and 30 kings.
14
Dragon/Oracle Bones
Tortes shell and scapula were used by shamans for
divination. Thousands have been recovered.
15
Early Writing

• During the Shang Dynasty written symbols were
  largely pictographic. They later became
  ideographic and phonetic.

16
The Power of the Written Word

• The written word was part of the shaman's magic.
  The aura of magic continued to surround the
  written word through much of Chinas history.
  Example Memorial to the Crocodiles.
• Dragon/Oracle Bones
• Deal with war, planting, weather, hunts,
  journeys, etc.
• Written to the Shang god Shang Ti (original
  ancestor who exercised power over the weather,
  sun, moon and stars)and Tien (heaven).

17
Bronzes
(Above) Shang bronze chest. (Right) Figure from
Sanxindui in Southwest China.
18
Alter Pieces

• Bronzes were principally used for ceremonial and
  commemorative purposes. They were frequently used
  as alter pieces in the worship of ancestors.
• The Taotie dragon pattern is a recurrent
  decorative theme. The dragon guards the gates of
  heaven.

19
Shang Government

• The Shang were ruled by kings whose subjects were
  much like extended families or clans.
• Succession was from older to younger brother.
• Filial piety (family loyalty) held the kingdom
  together.
• The kings role included religious rituals to
  ensure the fertility of the soil, rain, good
  crops, etc.
• The Shang nobility conducted huge hunts in
  chariots which were essentially war maneuvers.
• The score keeper of archery matches may have been
  the precursor of the mandarin.

20
Zhou Dynasty (1027-221 BCE)

• Zhou was originally a vassal state of the Shang.
• The Zhou originated the idea of the mandate of
  heaven to legitimize its conquest of the Shang.
• The Zhou kings took the title of Son of
  Heavenand ruled thru a feudal-like structure.
• The Zhou left a remnant to continue sacrifices to
  the Shang ancestors.

The Zhou ruled as many as 140 petite states
21
The Duke of Zhou

• King Wu (Wu Wang) died 3 years after he conquered
  the Shang, leaving a 13 year old heir, King
  Cheng.
• King Wus younger brother, the Duke of Zhou,
  declared himself regent and ruled in King Chengs
  place.
• The eastern states gravitated to the Shang
  remnant and revolted. The Duke fought a lengthy
  war to defeat the rebels and consolidate the
  kingdom.
• When King Cheng turned 17, the Duke returned the
  united kingdom to him and retired.

22
Declining Power

• Just as the Zhou challenged the more civilized
  Shang, so other western barbarian groups and
  emerging states challenged and weakened Zhou.
  Likewise, the pleasures of the harem corrupt and
  dynastic decline takes its toll.
• The Western Zhou finally fell when King You
  sought to replace his Queen with his favorite
  concubine, Baosi. The queens father, Marquess
  of Shen (a barbarian people) joined forces with
  Zheng, Lu and Qin to sack the capital and place
  the Queens son, Ji Yijui on the throne. The
  capital was move to Luoyang in 770 BCE..

23
Eastern Zhou (770-221 BCE)

• The move to the eastern capital and questions
  about the legitimacy of the heir accelerated the
  decline of the Zhou.
• Multiple states vied for power and position. The
  strongest was granted the title of Ba(Pa) to rule
  over a confederacy of states on behalf of the
  King.
• In theory, only the king was absolute monarch,
  son of Heaven, empowered to perform rituals to
  maintain the harmony of heaven and earth, to
  invest feudal lords with estates and recognize
  new states. In fact, he became a figure head.

24
Spring and Autumn Annals

• A history of the state of Lu and one of the 5
  classics, the title of which designates the
  period 770-476 BCE.
• Tradition holds that Confucius edited the annals.
• Prominent states of the period included Qi
  (Shandong), Jin (Shanxi), Chu (Yangzi River) and
  Qin (Shaanxi).

25
Warring States (476-221 BCE)

• The absorption of smaller states accelerated. The
  struggle narrowed to seven Qi, Chu, Yan, Han,
  Zhao, Wei Qin.
• The size of armies increased from 30,000 to
  100,000, largely composed of infantry and cavalry
  equipped with iron weapons. The dagger-axe pike
  and cross-bow were among the favored weapons.
• Warlords took the title of king instead of duke,
  asserting equality with the King of Zhou.
• Walls were built for protection.
• The Hundred Schools of Philosophy emerged.

26
The Hundred Schools of Philosophy

• The period of the Eastern Zhou was the time of
  the Hundred Schools. The term suggests an
  explosion of ideas. A struggle emerged between
  competing philosophies to achieve dominance.
• A class of nobility arose in addition to the
  warriors who were literate, the Junzi (Chun Tzu)
  or Gentry, thus Gentlemen. With the Warring
  States period, further social mobility led to the
  status of the nobility being threatened.
• Four major schools of thought dominated the
  period Confucianism (Ruclassical tradition),
  Mohism, Daoism and Legalism. Legalism was the
  winner it could demonstrate measurable results.
  It was later modified into Imperial Confucianism
  during the Han Dynasty.

27
Confucius

• Lived from 551 to 475 BCE.. Born in Lu (Shandong)
  of noble family. Famous as a teacher and mentor.
• Some portray him as unsuccessfully office seeker,
  whose goal was to be an advisor to kings.
• The Analects are a collection of his teachings
  recorded by his students. Some claim that he
  edited the Odes and wrote the Spring Autumn
  Annals.

Kongfuzi/Kung Fu Tzu (Master
Kong)
28
Confucian Teachings

• He believed man was instinctively good, but
  required training and refinement. He placed great
  weight on Li (ritual) to achieve refinement.
• He believed music was particularly useful as a
  civilizing agent. Learning to play and
  appreciate music taught discipline and
  sensitivity.
• His ideal man was the junzi, the true
  gentleman. The Duke of Zhou was his model, fully
  versed in the humanities with a sense of
  propriety and fellow feeling/ humanness or Ren.
• The junzi was a nobility of training and virtue.
  Noble birth was assumed. Why?

29
Confucian Teachings (Contd)

• He saw proper hierarchical relationships as the
  key to an orderly society. There are five father
  and son, ruler and minister, husband and wife,
  older and younger brother, friend and friend.
• He expressed the importance of moral and ethical
  values through the concept of rectification of
  names.
• He did not seek to challenge the absolute power
  of monarchy, only guide it. A truly virtuous king
  would rule thru the power of his example.
• His reverence for the past reinforced ancient
  religious practices, such as ancestor worship.

30
Moism

• Mo Di/Mozi (Master Mo) (470-391BCE) was of humble
  birth from either Song or Lu.
• Like Confucius, he attracted a large following of
  students who recorded his teachings. He pioneered
  an argumentative essay style.
• His writings are of a master engineer craftsman
  who became an expert in defensive warfare.
  Understood Newtons first law of motion.
• He was a pacifist in the sense that he condemned
  all offensive warfare and offered his assistance
  to those attacked.

31
Moism (Contd)

• He advocated universal love or altruism without
  partiality for family and friends as the way of
  correcting the failings of society and
  government.
• He emphasized utilitarianism instead of tradition
  as a measurement for good and evil of actions.
• He believed self-reflection instead of ritual was
  the best means of cultivating benevolence.
• His ideas lost influence during the Han Dynasty,
  but became popular under the Republican and
  Communist regimes.

32
Mencius

• Mencius was born in Zhou and is considered to be
  the Second Sage (or St. Paul) of Confucianism.
• He believed man was innately good. Society or
  environment was responsible for bad moral
  character. As evidence he cited the Four Sprouts
  or Beginnings
• a. Alarm and distress.
• b. Commiseration.
• c. Deference and compliance.
• d. Realization of right and wrong.

Meng Tzu/Mengke/ko (372-289 BCE
33
Mencius (Contd)

• His view of the Mandate of Heaven was essentially
  that of a social contract. The right of revolt
  was implicit.
• The king should rule thru the power of his
  goodness which would transform society.
• The duty of government/society was to nurture
  goodness, thereby transforming the individual.
• His model sage was Shun, a man of lowly birth who
  attained such virtue and wisdom that King Yao
  abdicated in his favor.

34
Daoism/Taoism

• Dao/Tao means the way or path of the universe.
• Both philosophical and religious forms exist
  based on the Laozi and Zhuangzi. The religious
  form was associated with alchemy, magic, fortune
  telling, secret societies, etc..
• The Daoism is attributed to Laozi (Master Lao), a
  putative figure who claimed to live before
  Confucius. His writings suggest the opposite.

Yin-Yang symbol
35
Daoism (Contd)

• Daoism asserts people are good in their natural
  state. They should be left alone to live in
  harmony with nature.(Akin to noble savages.)
• Daoism is iconoclastic. It challenges
  conventional morality and the values of
  Confucianism, Moism and (later)Buddhism.
• As related to government, Daoism advocates
  mitigated anarchism. Government acts by
  non-acting, doing as little as possible and not
  disturbing the peoples Wa.

Confucius, Buddha Laozi tasting the vinegar.
36
Daoism (Contd)

• The ideal Daoist society would be one in which
  the people live in primal simplicity and
  ignorance.
• The ideal Daoist human is one who functions
  intuitively and is not bothered by artificial
  concepts of good evil.
• Daoist anecdotes convey a sense of perspective,
  such as Zhuangzi and the Butterfly.

Hell Bank Notes are being replaced by Hell Bank
Visa Cards.
37
I Ching/Jing or Book of Changes

• The I Ching is a book of numerology which is
  primarily associated with Daoism.
• The book is based on the interpretation of 64
  hexagrams, each composed of two trigrams. The
  trigrams are combinations of three solid and/or
  broken lines.
• Solid lines are considered to be yang, broken are
  yin.

38
The Five Elements/Agents

• In ancient Chinese philosophy, the five elements
  were used to describe the interactions and
  relationships between phenomena, such as seasons,
  colors, notes, smells, directions, etc.
• The elements also correspond to yin-yang. Earth,
  water and wood are considered yin fire and metal
  are yang.

The Five Elements have been used in music,
medicine, military science, acupuncture,
psychology, geomancy, etc.
39
Xunzi/Hsun Tzu

• Xunzi (Xun Kuang) is one of the three great
  Confucian philosophers. He lived during the
  Warring States period, studied and taught in the
  Jixia academy in Qi and later held office in the
  Chu.
• His most famous students were Han Feizi and Li
  Si, who opposed Chu and were instrumental in the
  unification of China under the Qin Dynasty.

Xunzi was born in Zhao in 312 BCE. Lived until
220BCE.
40
Xunzi (Contd)

• Xunzi advocates the Way (Dao) of the sages, of
  good government and proper behavior. The Way is
  taught thru ritual.
• He does not believe in Heavens intervention
  nevertheless, recommends ritual prayer and
  sacrifices. Why?
• He believes that man instinctively makes bad
  choices and is morally blind, i.e., he is bad.
  His instincts lead to conflict.
• The role of education is to transform man by
  changing his basic instincts.

41
Legalism

• Founded by Han Feizi (280-233 BCE) and Li Si in
  the late Warring States period. Han Fei was the
  theoretician Li Si was the politician.
• Han Fei was a prince of Han. He wrote a book (55
  chapters) to compensate for stuttering. Was
  employed by Qin as an ambassador. In 234 BCE, he
  was charged with treason by Li Si.
• Li Si (280 208 BCE) was from Chu. He was
  Chancellor of Qin from 246-208 BCE and
  responsible for its policies after unifying China.

School of Law
42
Legalism (Contd)

• Three principles are central to Legalism.
• Law Laws must be written, publicized and equally
  applied to all, regardless of rank or
  circumstances, as immutably as the laws of
  nature.
• Legitimacy Power is vested in the position, not
  the man. The structure of the state should be
  strong enough to allow even an average person to
  rule successfully.
• Morality Morality and human nature are
  irrelevant. Rewards and punishments are all that
  matter.
• The old feudal relationships were dead.
• The goal was to build a strong state and
  military.

43
Shang Yang

• Qin began its rise to power when Shang Yang
  (Gongsun Yang/Lord Shang) became chief advisor to
  the Duke of Xiao (361-338 BCE). He was born in
  Zhou and possibly served as a royal tutor in Wei.
• He brought Li Kuis Book of Law (407 BCE) from
  Wei and implemented it in 356 BCE.
• King Huiwen put him and his family to death in
  338 BCE as revenge for having been punished
  earlier without regard for his rank..

Shang Yang
44
Shang Yangs Policies

• Implemented the Book of Law with the addition of
  providing punishments equal to that of the
  perpetrator for those failing to report crimes.
• Stripped the nobility of land rights and titles.
  Replaced the nobility with a military rank
  structure. Assigned ranks and land to soldiers
  based upon military success.
• Encouraged agriculture over commerce and the
  cultivation of unsettled lands and wastelands.
  Encouraged immigration.
• Burnt Confucian books. Why?
• Standardized land allocation and taxes.

45
Shang Yangs Policies (Contd)

• 6. Established a central bureaucracy and divided
  the state into administrative districts instead
  of feudal domains.
• 7. Taxed peasants directly.
• 8. Conscripted all males between 15 and 56.
• 9. Eliminated primogeniture as a means of
  deconstructing the extended family clan system.
• 10. Implemented a Horizontal Alliance strategy of
  foreign relations. Befriend distant states
  conquer neighboring states.
• 11. Considered all culture and traditional
  virtues a waste.

46
The Qin Dynasty

• The Qin unified China in 221 BCE, but only lasted
  until 207. The regime was as revolutionary as
  Maos
• China was divided into 36 commanderies which were
  subdivided into counties, all under central
  control.
• The feudal nobility was replaced and officials
  assigned on the basis of performance, not birth.
• The title of Emperor was taken by the ruler
  instead of king (wang), the first supreme
  ultimate.

Shi Huangdi
47
Qin Dynasty (Contd)

• Uniform laws were enforced without regard to
  position or title.
• Weights and measures were standardized for the
  whole country.
• Axle widths were standardized.
• Standardized and simplified the written
  language.
• The population was disarmed, including the Junzi.

48
Qin Dynasty (Contd)

• 120,000 aristocratic families were transported to
  Shaanxi.
• Built the Great Wall, 1,400 miles long as a
  defense against the Xiongnu.
• Built roads and canals.
• Burned the books of all other philosophies.
• Executed 460 scholars for concealing books.
• Exhausted the country thru taxes and labor
  demands.

49
Qin Shi Huangdi

• Qin Shi Huangdi died while on an inspection tour.
  Li Si and Zhao Gao ( a eunuch) conspired to keep
  his death a secret until they could forge a will
  directing the heir, Er Shi Huangdi, to commit
  suicide. Why? He did, leaving the third son.
• In 1974, a peasant accidentally unearthed the
  tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi about 20 miles east of
  Xian. There are 8,099 terracotta figures plus a
  complete world with stars and rivers.

Terracotta soldiersQin tomb
50
Han Dynasty (206 BCE 220CE)

• The death of Qin Shi Huangdi led to a civil war
  in which many previously existing states
  reemerged.
• The final struggle is called the Chu-Han
  Contention. It pitted Xiang Yu of Chu nobility
  against Liu Bang, a peasant who became prince of
  Han.
• Xiang Yu sought to restore the old aristocracy.
  Xiang Yu won the battles Liu Bangs politician
  skills won the war.

Han Gaozu/Liu Bang (247-195 BCE)
51
The Han Dynasty

• The Han Dynasty is divided into
• The Former/Western Han (206 BCE- 9 CE) at
  Changan.
• The Wang Mangs Xin (9-23 CE)
• The Later/Eastern Han (25-220 CE) at Luoyang.

Chinese records describe several Roman embassies
that traveled to China and one in particular that
met Emperor Huan in 166 BCE.
52
Western Han (206 BCE 9 CE)

• The Western Han established Changan (aka Xian)
  as its capital. It was a huge urban center laid
  out on a N-S axis.
• It was one of the two largest cities in the
  ancient world. Rome was the other.
• Changan also served as the capital of the Sui
  Tang Dynasties and was the model for Kyoto.

53
Western Han

• Han Gaozu awarded kingdoms to his supporters
  however, the basic centralized structure of the
  empire was retained.
• Encouraged a venire of Confucianism, but legalism
  remained at the core of government.
• Sought to restore prosperity and encourage
  agriculture. War had ravaged the land and
  inflation was rampant. A horse cost 300 lbs of
  gold. A bushel of rice cost a pound of gold.
• Forced to deal with an emerging merchant class,
  in spite of Confucian scruples.

54
Western Han Under Wudi

• The dynasty reached its height under seventh
  emperor, Wudi. His reign last 54 years
  (141-86BCE).
• Confucianism became the official state
  philosophy. Held first examinations, although
  appointment to office based on position and
  recommendation continued.
• The first official history was written by Sima
  Qian, the Shiji. It became the model for
  subsequent histories. It described the
  surrounding peoples as barbarians and promoted
  the idea of the dynastic cycle.
• He expanded the empire to include N. Vietnam,
  Korea and Central Asia along the Silk Road.

55
Confucian Bureaucracy

• Bureaucracy became the hallmark of Chinese
  government. It took shape during the Western Han.
• Initially, appointments were based on
  recommendations by officials of filial and
  honest young men of good family.
• Established an examination system which was in
  theory open to all hence, permitted some social
  mobility.
• Established an Empirical University which
  produced 30,000 graduates by the end of the
  Eastern Han.
• The system produced a well trained, dedicated
  civil service, loyal to the central government.

56
Wu vs. Wen

• The Confucian literati and the Emperor formed a
  symbiotic relationship in governing the country.
  The emperor provided wuthe structure of power,
  e.g., army, police, etc. The scholars provided
  wen the knowledge of precedent and statecraft
  that legitimized power and made the system work.
• The scholars were not yes men. They believed
  that they had a mission to guide the emperor no
  matter the consequences. Ex. Sima Quians defense
  of a Chinese general and Wudis reaction.

57
Western Han the Silk Road

• Constant warfare against the Xiongnu led to
  efforts to control border areas and beyond, e.g.,
  the Silk Road.
• In 138 BCE, Wudi sent Zhang Quian to contact the
  Yuezhi, whom the Xiongnu had displaced. The goal
  was to back-door the Xiongnu.
• After 10 years imprisonment by the Xiongnu, Zhang
  Quian contacted the Yuehzi in modern Uzbekistan
  and negotiated an alliance. He returned to China
  12years after his departure.

58
Han Economic Policy

• Taxes Emperor Wus expansion of the empire
  required new sources of revenue.
• Established salt and iron monopolies.
• Tax assets at 10. The tax encouraged inflation.
• Sold offices, titles and dispensations from
  punishment.
• Currency To combat speculation and hording
  established
• A government mint to produce silver coinage after
  rampant inflation and white stag currency..
• The Ever-Normal granary system to stabilize
  prices by buying surpluses and selling during
  shortages.

59
Wang Mang the Xin

• Wang Mang rose to power as the nephew of Grand
  Empress Dowager Wang. He was appointed regent to
  a succession of three child emperors, finally
  taking the title of acting emperor. In 9 AD, he
  claimed the full title.
• Wang Mang cultivated the reputation of being a
  competent but filial official. In fact, he
  murdered the last child emperor and purged the
  royal court.

Wang Mang, the usurper
60
Wang Mangs Policies

• Restored a version of the ancient Zhou well-field
  system.
• All land became the property of the state. Could
  not be sold or bought.
• Required redistribution of land in excess of one
  well (0.6 sq km).
• Abolished slave trade, but not slavery, per se.
• Created an economic adjustment agency (price
  stabilization).
• Created new coinage, an income tax and added new
  state monopolies on liquor and weapons.

61
Xin Failures (9-23 CE)

• Wang Mangs attempt at land reform while needed
  only led to gentry resistance.
• The yield from additional taxes and monopolies
  were largely offset by corruption and graft.
• Changes in coinage led to anger and inflation.
• The Yellow River shifted its course from North to
  South 3 times, flooding the Shantung Peninsula.
• The Xiongnu and other tribal groups revolted.
• Secret Societies like Mother Lus Red Eyebrows
  inspired peasant insurrection.

62
Fall of the Xin

• The Xin became embroiled in constant and costly
  warfare with tribal groups on its borders.
• Over a period of time insurgent groups coalesced
  around Liu family pretenders. Eventually, Liu Xiu
  was declared Prince of Han.
• Changan and the palace were attacked in 23 CE.
  Wang Mang 1,000 members of his court died in
  the battle. His head was kept as a souvenir.
• The restored Han Dynasty established its capital
  in Louyang in 25 CE.

63
The Eastern Han (25-220 CE)

• Protracted civil war resulted in automatic land
  and tax reform.
• Ban Chao defeated the Yuezhi and reasserted
  control over Central Asia, leading military
  forces to the Caspian Sea.
• Dou Xian weakened the Xiongnu in Mongolia
  allowing growth of Xianbei power.
• Trade and diplomacy flourished. Western Central
  Asia , Japan and Rome all sent envoys tribute.

Ban Chao dominated Central Asia, 73-94 CE.
64
Han Accomplishments

• The Han Chinese developed paper, water clocks,
  sundials, astronomical instruments and invented
  the seismograph.
• Wrote texts on chemistry, zoology and botany
  measured the movements of the stars and planets
• Diagnosed diseases, used herbal remedies drugs
  developed acupuncture.
• Invented the ship rudder and suspension bridge.

The Chinese invented the seismograph in 132
CE.
65
Fall of the Eastern Han

• Four factors led to the fall of the Eastern Han.
• Great landed families dominated selection process
  for bureaucratic offices and provided imperial
  consorts. They blocked needed land and tax
  reforms.
• Protracted border wars caused an acute fiscal
  strain.
• In 166 CE, eunuch power reached the point of
  allowing them to seize control of the government.
  Called the Proscription, eunuch control lasted 18
  years before the Massacre of the Eunuchs by Dong
  Zhou.
• Rebellions by secret societies like the Celestial
  Masters and Yellow Turbans led to their control
  of entire provinces.

66
Cao Cao and the Warlords

• After the Han capital was burned in 190 CE by
  Dong Zhou, Cao Cao offered Emperor Xiandi refuge
  in his capital at Xuchang.
• The emperor soon became Cao Caos puppet.
• When Cao Cao died, his son Cao Pi, accepted the
  emperors abdication in 220 CE and established
  the Wei Dynasty.

Wei was carved out by Cao Cao. He was sent to
subdue the nomadic tribes of the area. He fought
the Yellow Turbans and defeated the Celestial
Masters.
67
Three Kingdoms

• The period that followed the collapse of the
  Eastern Han is called the Three Kingdoms.
• (Cao) Wei occupied the north, Shu (Han) occupied
  the west and Wu occupied the south. The Shu and
  Wu were founded by members of the Liu royal
  family.
• Cao Cao sought to reunite China but was defeated
  by a coalition of Shu and Wu.

The Romance Of Three Kingdoms, a classic of
Chinese literature, celebrates the period.
68
Overview 400 Years of Disunity

• Following the Three Kingdoms, China was briefly
  reunited by the Jin (265-316).
• The Jin was followed by the Sixteen Kingdoms in
  the north (304-439) and the Six Dynasties
  (220-589) in the south, all with capitals at
  Nanjing.
• The Tuoba clan of the Xianbei supplanted the
  Xiongnu and other Xianbei tribes to establish
  Northern or Tuoba Wei (386-534).
• The Northern Wei united China north of the Yellow
  River, effectively ending the period of the
  Sixteen Kingdoms.

69
Wei - Jin Connection

• Cao Pi established the Wei Dynasty with the
  support of General Sima Yi. The Sima family
  deposed the emperor in 265 and established the
  Western Jin (265-316) with Louyang as its
  capital.
• In 289, the Western Jin conquered the Wu (the
  last of the Three Kingdoms) and unified China.
• Internal strife weakened the Western Jin and in
  308, the Xiongnu chief, Liuyan captured Louyang
  and the emperor. A remnant fled to Changan but
  was defeated in 316 by Liuyan.
• The remainder of the Western Jin fled to Jiankang
  (Nanking) and became the Eastern Jin (316-420)

70
Northern Wei

• The Touba established its capital at Datong
  (Shanxi),later moved to Louyang.
• They adopted the Chinese language, titles, dress,
  ceremonies, music and legal codes and
  intermarried.
• Used Chinese officials to collect taxes, keep
  records and run the government.
• Created 30,000 Buddhist cave images.

Gilt Bronze Buddha, 55 hi.
71
Northern Wei (Contd)

• The Tuoba admired and sought to imitate the Han.
• They instituted the equal field system which
  was applied primarily to open land.
• Adopted the nine-rank system for recruiting
  officials. It relied on inherited family rank.
• Administratively organized the land using a
  system of fives. Five families formed a
  neighborhood (lin), five neighborhoods formed a
  village (li) and five villages formed a commune
  (tang).

72
Religion and Culture

• The disunity following the Han created a cultural
  melting pot.
• Buddhism which had just reached China during the
  Han became a major force.
• Nomadic people from the Inner Asian frontier
  conquered the north and were in turn Sinified.
• Sinification resulted in a fatal split within the
  Northern Wei between border garrisons and the
  more southern ruling class.

Longmen Caves, Louyang
73
Buddhism

• Expansion of Buddhism to the East, 1st-10th
  Century CE.

74
Recurring Patterns

• Development of Centralized Bureaucracy.
• Aristocratic Families Vs. Exam System Graduates.
• Inner Vs. Outer Court.
• Consort and Eunuch Power.
• Impact of Inner Asian Frontier.
• Regionalism and Warlordism.
• Ever Shrinking Tax Base.
• Buddhist Daoist - Confucian Interaction.

75
The End of Part I
The Chinese invented the first wheelbarrow.