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Burns FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY 4/e

• Chapter 1
• Chemistry is Everywhere

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Chemistry Affects Everyday Life.

• Cosmetics
• Fuels
• Pollution
• Food/Additives
• Metals/Corrosion
• Pollution

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Types of Chemicals

• Natural
• Plant sources
• Animal Sources
• Mineral Sources
• Synthetic
• Medicines
• Plastics
• Fibers

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Risk/Benefits

• Benefits of Chemical Compounds
• Save lives through medicines
• Provide energy and building material in food
• Materials to make life easier.
• Risks
• Side effects of medicines
• Pollution from the use of chemicals
• Some are very toxic

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Chemistry

• The branch of science that deals with the
  characteristics and composition of all materials.
• Chemistry deals with the changes materials
  undergo.
• Iron reacts with oxygen to form rust
• 4Fe(s) 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
• solid gas red solid
• metal

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Chemistry is Important Economically

• 25 million chemicals are known.
• 5 million chemicals are discovered each year.
• The chemical industry is the fifth largest
  industry in the United States.
• U. S. sales of chemicals is over 250 billion.
• 1 million people are employed in the chemical
  industry in the U. S.

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Scientific Problem Solving

• Identify and state the problem
• Collect data
• Observation
• Experiment
• Analyze data
• Propose solution
• Give possible explanation
• Carry out plan or experiment

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Solving Chemistry Problems

• 1. Identify the problem and state what is
  wanted.
• 2. Collect and record data.
• 3. Analyze data.
• 4. Carry out plan to obtain tentative solution.
• 5. Evaluate the solution. Is it reasonable?

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Scientific MethodDefinitions

• Experiment
• Controlled research investigations which involve
  observation and repeated verification.
• Natural Law
• A statement that summarizes experimental facts
  about nature where behavior is consistent and has
  no known exceptions.

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Scientific MethodDefinitions (Continued)

• Hypothesis
• A tentative, reasonable explanation of the facts
  or a law. A scientific guess.
• Theory
• A well-established explanation that has withstood
  extensive testing.

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The Scientific Method

• Parts of Scientific Method
• 1. Observation (Scientific Laws)
• 2. Hypothesis
• 3. Experiment
• 4. Model (Theory)
• Predictions More Experiments
• Validation/Rejection/Modification of Theory

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The Scientific Method (continued)

• Observation Hypothesis Experiment
• Reformulate hypothesis, test by experiment
• Formulate theories, test by experiment
• Theories have Limitations
• May be incomplete or oversimplifications
• Subject to change based on new experiments

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Steps in the Scientific Method
Insert Figure 1.3
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Scientific Research

• Applied Research
• Development of new products
• Solving problems in industry and the environment
• Analysis of food, fuels, soil, water, air,
  materials in consumer products.

• Basic Research
• Structures of chemicals
• Interactions of chemicals
• Adds to the knowledge base.
• Understanding the secrets of nature.
• Synthesis of new chemicals

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Examples of Research

• Applied Research
• Finding a new medicine to treat a disease
• Determining the type of gas to use in SCUBA tanks
  to prevent the bends
• Finding a new catalyst to make plastic less
  expensively.

• Basic Research
• Determining the sequence of nucleotides in human
  DNA
• Determining the solubility of various gases in
  various liquids
• Determining the structure of metal complex ions.

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Basic and Applied Research

• About 70 of applied research is carried out in
  industry.
• Information obtained through basic research is
  often applied at some point.
• Much of modern technology is based on results
  from basic research.
• Half of basic research is done in universities

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ChemistryThe Central Science Fields That Use
Chemistry

• Biology
• Physics
• Geology
• Meteorology
• Environmental Science
• Engineering

• Medicine
• Pharmacy
• Metallurgy
• Agriculture
• Transportation
• Military Science
• Culinary Arts

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The Study of Chemistry

• A Balanced Approach
• Experiments
• Problem solving
• Terminology
• Facts
• Laws
• Concepts and theories

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What Chemistry Teaches

• Ask questions
• Seek answers
• Properties of materials
• Interactions of materials

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The Chemistry Student Will

• Acquire fundamental knowledge
• Acquire fundamental problem solving skills
• Build on the work of people who have gone on
  before.

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Chemists Have Built a Knowledge Base

• Great amounts of data have been
• Collected
• Organize
• Simplified
• Data have been summarized in laws
• Theories and models have been devised to explain
  the facts.

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Chapter 1 Summary

• Everything in the world is made of chemicals.
• There are risks and benefits to Using chemicals
• Chemistry deals with the characteristics and
  composition of materials and the changes they
  undergo.

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Chapter 1 Summary (Continued)

• Five steps for solving problems
• Identify problem
• Collect data
• Develop a plan
• Carry out the plan
• Evaluate the results

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Chapter 1 Summary (Continued)

• The Scientific Method
• Summary of data-Natural Laws
• Tentative explanation-Hypothesis
• Well-established explanation-Theory
• Types of Research
• Applied
• Basic

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Important Terms

• Chemistry
• Experiment
• Hypothesis
• Natural Law
• Risk and Benefit
• Scientific Method
• Theory