Bones of the Lower Extremity

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Bones of the Lower Extremity

• KNR 181 Lab

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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

• The pelvic (or hip) girdle
• attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
• Transmits the weight of the upper body to the
  lower limbs
  
• Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis
• Some of the strongest ligaments of the body
  support the pelvic girdle
  
• Is formed by a pair of hip bones called coxal
  bones, and the sacrum
  

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Each os coxae has an

• Illium The large upper portion, often called
  your hip bone.
  
• Ishium The posterior/inferior bone, often called
  your seat bone.
  
• Pubis The anterior/inferior bone, which connects
  in front at the pubic symphysis.
  
• Acetabulum point of fusion of all three, also
  called your hip socket.

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Landmarks for the Ilium

• Iliac crest the thick, upper margin
• Iliac fossa anterior smooth surface
• Anterior superior/ Anterior inferior Iliac spine
  sites for muscle attachments
  
• Posterior superior/ Posterior inferior Iliac
  spine sites for muscle attachments
  
• Greater sciatic notch
• Auricular surface

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Landmarks for the Ishium

• Ishial tuberosity site for attachment of
  hamstring muscles
  
• Ishial spine site for ligament attachment,
  measurement site for pelvic opening.
  
• Obturator foramen the only hole or opening for
  nerves/blood vessels.
  
• Ishial ramus point of connection with inferior
  ramus of pubis.

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Landmarks for the pubis

• Superior/inferior ramus
• Pubic crest and tubercle site of attachment for
  abdominal muscles
  
• Pubic symphysis articulation point that connects
  the two pubic bones together
  
• Pubic arch helps to determine male vs. female
  pelvis

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Bones of the Lower Limb

• Femur
• Single bone of the thigh is the largest,
  longest, and strongest bone in the body.
  
• The femur cannot be palpated (felt) because it is
  covered by large muscles.
  
• The head of the femur articulates with the
  acetabulum of the os coxae, and has a small, pit
  shaped depression called the fovea capitis, which
  is where the ligamentum teres helps to secure the
  head into the acetabulum.

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Landmarks of the femur

• Head fovea capitis
• Neck often a site for fracture
• Greater and lesser trochanter attachment site
  for muscles
  
• Intertrochanteric line and crest line is
  anterior, crest is posterior
  
• Linea aspera rough line on the posterior
  aspect of shaft
  
• Medial and lateral condyle articulation with the
  tibia
  
• Medial and lateral epicondyle only part of the
  femur that can be felt at the knee
  
• Intercondylar fossa or notch cruciate ligaments
  attach here.
  
• Patellar surface the smooth surface above the
  condyles on the anterior side that articulates
  with the patella
  
• Popliteal surface surface above the condyles on
  the posterior side

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Patella

• The patella is a triangular shaped sesamoid bone
  encased in the patellar tendon.
  
• The patellar tendon attaches the quadriceps
  femoris muscle to the tibia.
  
• It has two surfaces the rounded, convex anterior
  surface, and the smooth, articular posterior
  surface.

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Tibia

• The bone on the medial side of the lower legit
  is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
  (Tough Tibia)
  
• Landmarks of proximal tibia (upper portion)
• Medial and lateral condyle
• Articulates with the medial and lateral condyle
  of the femur.
  
• Intercondylar emminence
• The ridge of bone that projects upwards between
  the condyles. It is the attachment site for the
  cruciate ligaments, medial meniscus, and lateral
  meniscus
• Fibular facet
• Just below the lateral condyle where the head of
  the fibula articulates.

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Tibia

• Other Landmarks
• Tibial tuberosity
• roughened protuberance on the anterior surface
  just below the condyles. Is the attachment site
  of the patellar ligament.
  
• Anterior crest
• On the anterior surface of the body. Can palpate
  the entire length, also called your shin.
  
• Medial malleolus
• Large bony prominence on the medial side of your
  ankle
  
• Fibular notch
• Distal end of tibia, where it articulates with
  the distal end of the fibula

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Fibula

• The slender bone on the lateral side of the lower
  leg. Fine Fibula.
  
• Landmarks
• Head
• The enlarged proximal end, articulating with the
  fibular facet of the tibia
  
• Shaft or body
• Long slender portion
• Lateral malleolus
• Large prominence on the lateral, distal end.
  Articulates with the lateral surface of the
  talus.
  
• Malleolar fossa
• Small fossa on the distal end opposite lateral
  malleolus

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Bones of the Foot

• Bones of the ankle are TARSALS
• Bone of the ball of your foot are called
  METATARSALS In-between the tarsals and your
  toes (phanges).
  
• Bones of your toes are called Phalanges (plural).
  A singular bone is called a phalanx.

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