Tularemia Outbreak at an International Airport, 2006 Diseases in Nature Transmissible to Man June 12 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Tularemia Outbreak at an International Airport, 2006 Diseases in Nature Transmissible to Man June 12

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Title: Tularemia Outbreak at an International Airport, 2006 Diseases in Nature Transmissible to Man June 12


1
Tularemia Outbreak at an International Airport,
2006Diseases in Nature Transmissible to
ManJune 12, 2007
  • J L Alexander, TDSHS Zoonosis Division
  • R Gilliland, USDA Wildlife Management
  • D Duke, COA Environmental Health
  • M McGee, COA Animal Control
  • JM Richardson, COA Public Health
  • TA West, COA Emergency Management
  • JR Pierce Jr, Amarillo Bi-City-County Health
    District

2
20 dead jackrabbits found along this 0.6 mi
section of road
3
Identifying the zoonotic outbreak
  • 05/16/06 An employee of the USDA Wildlife
    Management observed a large number of dead jack
    rabbits on airport property.
  • 05/17/06 The Regional Zoonosis Control
    veterinarian collected blood specimens and ticks
    from dead animals
  • 05/18/06 CDC laboratory identified Francisella
    tularensis as the etiologic agent involved in the
    deaths

4
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5
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6
Public Health Response
  • 05/18/06 - Closure of property notification of
    airport officials suspension of mowing
  • 05/19/06
  • Notification of adjacent property owners and FBI
  • Public Health Advisory to area physicians and
    veterinarians
  • Texas Health Alert Advisory
  • Press release
  • Warning public of tularemia in rabbits near
    airport
  • Not to handle rabbits
  • Use insect repellant
  • Signs and sxs of tularemia

7
Environmental Health and Animal Control Response
  • 05/22/06
  • Begin applying tick/flea pesticides to grass
  • Rabbit reduction program begins
  • 05/23/06 05/30/06
  • Additional specimens submitted
  • Broadened insecticide program

8
Tularemia positive specimens from airport
property, 2006
  • Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus)
  • Coyote (Canis latrans)
  • Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)
  • Ticks (Haemaplysalis leporipalustris)
  • (Dermacentor variabilis)

9
Follow-up response
  • 06/01/06 PROMED post
  • Next week - several calls from citizens about
    dead rabbits multiple media inquires
  • 06/22/06 second wide-area application of tick
    and flea powder to airport property
  • By 06/23/06 1300 rabbits eliminated subsequent
    tests of animals (including prairie dogs) all
    negative intense reduction program closed
  • 09/07/06 repeat testing of rabbits negative
  • 01/01/07 maintenance program initiated

10
Tularemia - Affected Mammals
These animals are more likely to be affected
through the terrestrial cycle of F. tularensis
ssp. tularensis (Type A)
Sylvilagus floridanus, Eastern Cottontail
Prairie Dogs
Lepus californicus, Black-tailed Jackrabbit
11
Tularemia - Affected Mammals
These animals tend to be affected through the
water-borne cycle of F. tularensis ssp.
holarctica (Type B)
Beaver
Muskrat
Vole
12
Tularemia - Affected Arthropods
Ticks, mosquitoes, the deer fly and other biting
arthropods serve as vectors for F. tularensis in
its transmission to humans and animals.
13
Tularemia - Transmission to Humans
  • Insect bite by tick, mosquito or deer fly.
  • Skin contact with infected animal products, most
    notably rabbits, hares, and rodents.
  • Ingestion of contaminated food or water.
  • Inhalation of live bacteria by aerosolization of
    infected material.

14
Wildlife Strikes at Airports
  • Reported wildlife strikes have more than
    quadrupled from 2,066 in 1990 to 9,017 in 2005.
  • Over this time period, 172 people were injured, 9
    died, and 233 million were lost as a result of
    incidents with wildlife.
  • Strikes increasing due to more flights, increased
    wildlife populations, more wildlife near
    airports, and more reports from pilots

Sources FAA National Wildlife Strike Database
Mutzabaugh, Ben. Today in the Sky. USA Today.
28 February 2007
15
Wildlife Strikes at Airports
Note 2007 data includes up to 2/28/07
Total Strikes 88,198
Source FAA National Wildlife Strike Database
16
Wildlife Strikes at Airports
Source Wildlife Hazard Management at Airports A
Manual for Airport Personnel
17
Source Wildlife Hazard Management at Airports A
Manual for Airport Personnel
18
Coyotes and Airports
  • Chino, CA -- Coyotes on Runways Animals
    Endanger Airplane Landings
  • In four separate instances in April 2007, pilots
    reported spotting coyotes on the runways.
  • One pilot aborted his landing and did a
    go-around.
  • Chicago Coyotes Slinking Around OHare Cause
    Problems
  • Two pilots were waved-off from their landings at
    OHare in February 2007.

19
Coyotes and Airports
  • In October 2005 a 19-passenger Beechcraft hit a
    coyote on takeoff, causing the nose gear to
    collapse and the plane to be declared as a total
    loss.
  • In October 1994 a small plane struck a coyote.
  • The nose gear collapsed and the propeller hit the
    runway.
  • Resulted in major damage to the engine and
    crankshaft.

Sources Mutzabaugh, Ben. Today in the Sky. USA
Today. 28 February 2007 Wildlife Hazard
Management at Airports A Manual for Airport
Personnel
20
Coyotes and Airports - Potential Consequences
  • The presence of a coyote on the runway can be
    disastrous for a pilot whose natural instinct is
    to swerve, resulting in a wing going too low and
    the plane crashing or in the eruption of a fire.
  • An animal on a runway could be sucked into an
    engine or hurled through a windshield.
  • If the strike occurs at the critical phase of
    landing, a coyote could be smashed by the main
    gear, causing major damage and possibly changing
    the path of the aircraft.

21
Coyote Strikes at Airports
United States
Note 2007 data includes up to 2/28/07
Total Strikes 303
Source FAA National Wildlife Strike Database
22
Coyote Strikes at Texas Airports
Note 2007 data includes up to 2/28/07
Total Strikes 12
Source FAA National Wildlife Strike Database
23
Texas Coyote Strikes
Dates January 1990 February 2007 Number of
Strikes 26 Source FAA National Wildlife Strike
Database
24
Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, Part
139.337
  • If an aircraft carrier experiences a multiple
    wildlife strike or substantial damage from
    striking wildlife, a Wildlife Hazard Assessment
    is triggered.
  • Species-specific population management
  • Food and prey management
  • Vegetation, water, and building management
  • Wildlife Hazard Control Measures
  • Repel
  • Capture
  • Kill

25
Wildlife Hazard Management at Airports A Manual
for Airport Personnel
  • Federal law does not protect terrestrial mammals,
    reptiles, or other wildlife taxa (e.g. deer,
    coyotes).
  • A shooting program may be used to remove specific
    problem animals or to kill one
  • or more to reinforce repellent
  • techniques.
  • Lethal neck snare traps
  • can also be used on coyotes.

Source Wildlife Hazard Management at Airports A
Manual for Airport Personnel
26
Rabbit Coyote Population Dynamics
  • A rule-based rabbit-coyote biological model
    predicts that with the elimination of coyotes,
    the rabbit population will increase.

Source Ledgard, Henry. An Introduction to VSE
The Visual Software Environment.
27
Rabbit Coyote Population Dynamics
  • Short-term removal effort of coyotes had no
    effect on the population of other species,
    including cottontail rabbits.
  • Long-term removal efforts (9 months) caused
    increases in jackrabbit population.
  • A 2-year removal program in Texas resulted in a
    320 increase in jackrabbit population density.
  • A study in Utah which used interaction models
    that mimicked field observations showed that
    decreased coyote population densities result in
    increases in jackrabbit abundance.

Source Henke, Scott. Effects of Coyote Control
on Their Prey A Review. Coyotes in the
Southwest A Compendium of Our Knowledge. San
Angelo, TX. 13-14 December 1995.
28
Rabbit and Coyote
  • Reduced numbers of coyotes as evidenced by fewer
    scat counts resulted in increased numbers of
    rabbits, especially when coyote scat counts are
    zero or near zero.

Stapp P. Small Mammal Studies. Shortgrass Steppe
Long-term Ecological Research. 2005.
http//sgs.cnr.colostate.edu/
29
Amarillo airport zoonotic events
  • In 2004, a natural increase in the rabbit
    population began, which attracted coyotes.
  • In 2004 a rabbit was "ingested" by a commercial
    airplane engine during landing justifying the
    population reduction program.
  • A coyote and rabbit control program was initiated
    in May 2004
  • By the end of 2004, approx 15 coyotes and 301
    jackrabbits had been removed

30
Amarillo airport zoonotic events
  • In August 2005 the rabbit population at the
    airport began to increase, this time without any
    natural predation.
  • In 2005, 513 rabbits were removed.
  • The rabbit population continued to increase until
    the tularemia die-off in May, 2006.
  • Over 3500 rabbits have been removed since the
    initiation of this program 3 years ago.

31
Acknowledgements
  • Thomas Gerald, TTUHSC Research Associate
  • Contributors from the field
  • Rick Gilliland, USDA Wildlife Management
  • Deree Duke, COA Environmental Health
  • Mike McGee, COA Animal Control
  • J Matthew Richardson, COA Public Health
  • Theresa West, COA Emergency Management
  • Fellow Investigator
  • Dr. James Alexander, TDSHS
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