Crops and Cropping Systems in India - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 53
About This Presentation
Title:

Crops and Cropping Systems in India

Description:

Crops and Cropping Systems in India – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:21175
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 54
Provided by: PeterR89
Category:
Tags: cropping | crops | india | systems | vi1

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Crops and Cropping Systems in India


1
Crops and Cropping Systems in India
  • Peter R. Hobbs
  • 609 Bradfield 254-7295
  • ph14_at_cornell.edu

2
Huge number of crops
  • Cereals rice, maize, wheat, sorghum, millets
  • Pulses dals, beans, legumes, chickpea
  • Oilseeds and oil crops brassica, groundnut,
    soybean, oil palm, cotton, coconut
  • Sugar crops sugarcane, palms, sugar beet
  • Fiber crops cotton, sisal, coconut, kenaf
  • Fruits many herbaceous, trees, bushes
  • Vegetables -- many
  • Fodders alfalfa, oats, cereals and pulses grown
    fodder
  • Spices cloves, garlic, ginger, cardamon
  • Narcotics tobacco, betel nut
  • Medicinals gingseng, goldenrod

3
Grown in numerous patterns
  • A cropping pattern is a sequence of crops grown
    in any one calendar year
  • Mono cropping -- sorghum, oats etc
  • Double cropping rice-wheat, rice-rice
  • Intercropping 2 or more crops in rows maize
    and beans
  • Mixed cropping random planting maize-beans
    and pumpkins
  • Relay cropping pigeonpea millets
  • Rotation sequence of crops over a period of
    more than one year. Cereal - fodder- legume
    cereal
  • Forestry and agroforestry patterns

4
Intercropping
Pigeonpea and maize
Maize and beans
5
CRIDA
Salient Achievements
Efficient intercropping systems for different
Agro-Ecological Regions
Groundnut Pigeonpea / Castor
Finger Millet Pigeonpea
Sorghum Pigeonpea
Maize Pigeonpea
6
CRIDA
Salient Achievements
  • Agri-silviculture, Agri-horticulture,
    Horti-pasture and Silvi-pasture for different
    land capabilities

Neemgreengram
Faidherbia AlbidaSorghum
Guavastylo
Mangocowpea
7
Sole cropping and intercropping
8
Cropping System
  • Definition
  • Communities of plants which are managed to obtain
    food, profit, satisfaction or a combination of
    these goals increased social value.
  • Not only determined by atmospheric environment
    and soil, but modifications made by the farmer
    management, crop choice, inputs, social and
    economic issues etc.
  • Add animals and it becomes a farming system

9
Mixed Farming Systems in South Asia
Labor
HOUSEHOLD
Fossil fuel
Credit
cash
inputs
FOOD INCOME ENERGY
CROPS
Cash
Subsistence
Firewood
manure
fuel
tillage
TREES
Fodder Residues
ANIMALS
Fruit Firewood
MARKETS
Milk, meat, skins
10
Major cropping systems
  • Shifting cultivation 10 cropping rainfed
    rest periods for nutrient rejuvenation. Slash and
    burn
  • Semi-intensive rainfed systems fallows,
    rotations, use draft animals cereal systems and
    non-cereal wet systems as more rain we get
    millets-sorghum-maize-root crops- bananas
  • Intensive rainfed systems less fallow, more
    structured cropping systems
  • Irrigated and flooded systems
  • Upland (not flooded) and lowland (flooded)
  • Mixed annual/perennial systems
  • Annuals with herbaceous perennials
  • Mixed garden systems
  • Annuals and perennial tree crops.
  • Forestry systems
  • Slash and burn
  • Agroforestry alley cropping, multi-story
    cropping, kitchen gardens

11
Slash Burn
12
Definitions
  • Agro-climatic zone. A land area with a specific
    climate usually based on rainfall and
    temperature that determines land use
  • Agro-ecological zone. A land resource mapping
    unit, defined in terms of climate, landform and
    soils, and/or land cover, and having a specific
    range of potentials and constraints for land use.

13
(No Transcript)
14
CRIDA
Salient Achievements
  • Identification of Effective
  • Crop Growing Seasons
  • in different agro-eco regions
  • Long range weather forecasts
  • for applicability at micro level

15
CRIDA
Salient Achievements
  • Delineation of drought prone areas
  • and prediction on nature and extent
  • of their spread

16
Agro-ecological zones
  • Humid high and constant temperatures. Dry
    season less 90 days. Tropical rainforest and
    semi-deciduous forests. All year cropping.
  • Semi-arid protracted dry season 6-9 months.
    Drier savanna vegetation. 75-120 LGP dry
    120-180 moist
  • Arid less than 75 LGPs -- FAO definitions Arid
  • Acid Savannas strong dry season 3-6 months,
    acid soils, savanna vegetation
  • Tropical steeplands dominated by slopes gt30 --
    mountain regions erosion problems
  • Tropical wetlands wet lowland areas
  • Sub-humid -- distinct cool season, monsoon wet
    season
  • Temperate cooler and cold winter with frost

17
Water flows
18
Rainfed Systems
19
Trend of Rainfall During SW Monsoon(as percent
of average)
20
Importance of soils
  • Water holding capacity
  • Management of rainfall to increase water capacity
  • Soil fertility and nutrients
  • Two major types in Central India
  • Red Soils (65) Alfisols and Entisols lighter
    textured soils deficient N and P
  • Black cotton soils (25) Vertisols --heavy clay
    soils, cracking soils (montmorillonite clays),
    calcareous. Deficient N and P.

21
Crops grown in S. India
  • Rainfed
  • Cereal crops also used for fodder
  • In order of drought tolerance millets sorghum
    maize
  • Legumes dal/pulses
  • pigeonpea, chickpea, mungbean
  • Oil seeds
  • Cotton, Groundnut (peanut), sesame, mustard,
    sunflower, safflower
  • Use of Fallows
  • Often mixed, relayed and intercropped
  • Spreads risk, meets subsistence needs etc.

22
Millets
Pearl Millet
23
Sorghum/Millets
24
Legumes
Pigeonpea
Groundnut
Dahl -- pigeonpea
25
Oilseeds
Groundnut
Mustard
26
Issues dryland areas
  • Make optimal use rainfall
  • Manage soils to improve percolation water into
    the soil profile
  • Use rotations and fallows
  • Reduce erosion losses importance ground cover,
    terracing
  • Drought tolerant crops
  • Areas with more poor people improve livelihoods
    without undue risk
  • Issues nutrition human and animal
  • Animals in the system

27
Animal component of dryland farming systems
28
CRIDA
Location specific conservation measures for
controlling soil loss
Inter-terrace land treatments recommended for
Alfisols and Vertisols in semi-arid zones
29
CRIDA
Salient Achievements
In-situ moisture conservation and water harvesting
Conservation furrows
Vegetative barrier
Farm pond
Percolation tank
30
Irrigation
  • A way to manipulate water shortages
  • Various ways to irrigate
  • Canal, rivers
  • Tubewell -- groundwater
  • Ponds
  • Sprinklers, drip lines
  • Bed systems

31
(No Transcript)
32
Irrigated systems in Southern India
  • Any Crop can be grown when water not an issue and
    no frost issue
  • Potential to increase stability of cropping and
    number crops grown
  • Diversity of crops that can be grown
  • Marketing issues including domestic and export
  • Cropping patterns
  • More one crop per year
  • Plantation and commercial crops

33
Water issues
Tanks and watersheds
  • Competition for water
  • Domestic, cities
  • Industry
  • Up-stream and down-stream
  • Depth of water table and over pumping
  • Global warming issues loss glacial water
  • Need for more efficient water productivity in
    agriculture

Contour ploughing systems
34
Soil Fertility issues
  • Need to balance nutrient needs and prevent mining
    fertility
  • Inorganic and organic amendments
  • Livestock interactions
  • Alternate use FYM
  • Use solar stoves
  • Need improve efficiency

35
Cereal crops where irrigation
  • Rice is the major crop
  • More than one crop per year
  • Puddled rice system
  • Puddle soil
  • Transplant seedlings
  • Preferred staple food
  • Many types grown
  • Maize preferred to sorghum

36
Other crops
Cotton oil, fiber
Cassava
Sugarcane
37
Typical plant morphology of Bt and non Bt cotton
plants
Damage by top shoot Borer
Plant protected due to Bt protein
38
Total Bollworm Spending Bollgard Vs non
Bollgard 2003 season
Rs./acre
  • Saving of Rs. 1294 per acre, reduction of 60 in
    cost of chemical

Source ACNielson ORGMARG
39
Yield Performance Bollgard Vs Non Bollgard
(2003)
1/4th of yield below is anticipated yield
Qtl/acre
  • Average savings in yield loss of 1.7 Quintals
    per acre (29) increase
  • An average increase of Rs. 73 per quintal
    obtained

Source ACNielson ORGMARG
40
Gross Returns Vs Net Returns for BG (2003)
Rs./acre
Gross Returns Increase in income saving in BW
pesticide
Net Returns Net profit to farmer after taking
out all costs
  • Increase in Gross return of Rs. 5799 per acre
  • Increase in net returns by Rs. 3126 / acre

Source ACNielson ORGMARG
41
What do these benefits mean?
  • Bollgard crop of 2003 helped farmers to earn Rs.
    970 million additional income
  • Overall cotton production increased by 370K
    quintals of seed cotton (76000 bales of lint)
  • Industry will have 240K quintals of extra cotton
    seed for oilseed purpose from which 3.8 M liter
    of oil can be extracted
  • Farm workers have earned an additional Rs. 75
    lacs in harvesting of this additional crop
  • Bollgard reduced pesticide application by 304.7
    KL (formulated)

Source ACNielson ORGMARG
42
Spices
Chillies
Black pepper
Pepper, garlic, cloves, chillies, turmeric,
cinnamon etc.
Cardamon
43
Cardamon
44
Fruits and Vegetables
Any fruit and vegetable Domestic
markets International markets Central markets
Cashew
Mango
45
CRIDA
Salient Achievements
  • Suitable fruit species for drylands

Gooseberry (Amla)
Guava
Mango
Custard Apple
46
Plantation crops
Cocoa
Coconut oil, fiber, drink
47
Plantation Crops
Areca Nut Betel
Tea
48
Coffee
Shade
Flower
Berries
49
http//dryland.ap.nic.in
A Profile on
CRIDA
Central Research Institute for Dryland
Agriculture Hyderabad
50
International centers
  • CGIAR also called Future Harvest Centers
  • Consultative Group for International Agricultural
    Research
  • http//www.cgiar.org/publications/pub_directory.ht
    ml
  • ICRISAT International Center for Research in
    the Semi-Arid Tropics mandate crops sorghum,
    millets, groundnut, chickpea, pigeonpea
  • http//www.icrisat.org/web/index.asp
  • IRRI International Rice Research Institute
  • http//www.irri.org

51
Linkages - National
CRIDA
CRIDA collaborates with Government and NGOs for
research and technology transfer
Govt. of India
CRIDA
52
CRIDA
Linkages - International
CRIDA collaborates with
  • ICRISAT / IRRI
  • World Bank
  • USDA
  • ACIAR
  • USAID
  • DFID
  • AP-NETHERLANDS Programme
  • UNCCD
  • FAO

53
402 topics
  • Water issues competition, scarcity, efficiency,
    increasing water productivity etc.
  • Soil or fertility management organic versus
    inorganic, efficiency, sustainability etc.
  • Crops and crop issues conservation germplasm,
    markets, subsistence, traditional crops etc.
  • Climate issues global warming, rainfed vs
    irrigated systems
  • Cropping systems subsistence vs commercial
    diversity vs monocropping intercropping
  • Animal component of farming systems, multiple
    uses
  • Agroforestry slash and burn biodiversity
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com