Richmond California The growing crisis of the communities in the city of Richmond California presentation

About This Presentation

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Richmond California The growing crisis of the communities in the city of Richmond California

1
Richmond CaliforniaThe growing crisis of the
communities in the city of Richmond California

Tyler Fowler
URBS/GEOG 515 Race, Poverty The Environment
Professor Raquel Pinderhughes, Urban Studies
Environmental Studies Programs, San Francisco
State University
Spring 2004
Public has permission to use the material herein,
but only if author, course, university, and
professor are credited.

This presentation focuses on the environmental
conditions and environmental injustice issues in
relation to the communities in Richmond
California as a result of hundreds of
petrochemical and industrial facilities located
in the city.
It is designed to take a look at how the
placement of these facilities is having a
devastating effect on the natural environment and
the communities living within them. It analyzes
and describes the struggles of the Richmond
community, paying particular attention to the
social, environmental and public health impacts
of the processes associated with these toxic
facilities.
We start by taking a look at the history of
Richmond and how it became a city littered with
industrial activity. We will next look at the
environmental impacts these facilities are having
on the natural environment. This will be followed
by the social impacts and Environmental injustice
issues that are happening as a result of the
placement of these facilities. And finally we
will analyze how the people of Richmond are
coming together and fighting for their health and
well being as a community.

3
Alison De Lucca http//www.bol.ucla.edu/adelucca
/richmond.htm (April 2004)
www.umich.edu/snre492/sherman.htm (April 2004)

The City of Richmond is located in Northern
California just northeast of San Francisco in
Contra Costa County.
Richmond is a predominantly African American
community that has a population of 99,216 (U.S
Census Bureau 2000)

Richmond is a city that over time has grown into
being the host to several petrochemical,
industrial, and chemical manufacturing
facilities. All of these facilities produce,
transport, and store enormous amounts of
hazardous and harmful materials.
The placement of these facilities in the city has
caused the people in the community to become
victims of Environmental Injustice. Income level
and race determine where these toxic sites are
located and poor people and people of color
experience a disproportionate exposure to the
toxins.

Alison De Lucca http//www.bol.ucla.edu/adelucca
/richmond.htm (April 2004)
5

Richmond was never primarily a minority
community that was overwhelmed by petrochemical
and industrial land uses. The city grew because
industry attracted residents with the promise of
jobs. One of the first companies to move in was
an explosive company by the name of Orks in 1878.
Soon other explosive companies followed because
of the areas growing construction needs.
(Richmond, CA Info)
Then the decision to make Richmond the terminal
point for the Santa Fe Rails transcontinental
line in 1900, combined with an ideal shipping
port attracted several other manufacturing
facilities to the city. So in 1902 Standard Oil
constructed the second largest refinery in the
entire world. They were soon followed by Western
Pipe and Steel and a few other companies which
started the industrial trend. (Richmond, CA Info)

www.steaminthewoods.com/ Heislers.htm Point
Richmond, CA 1948
www.rootsweb.com/.../postcards/ ppcs-ccc.html
6

Richmond then incorporated as a city in 1905 and
started bringing in several new industries.
Residential plots and small businesses began to
emerge around these industries and Richmond
started to transform into a heavily populated
industrial city. (Richmond, CA Info)
However it wasnt until the beginning of World
War II that the population of Richmond began to
explode. Located in Richmond was one of the
largest production facilities for building ships
(one per day) for the War, Kaiser Shipyard which
alone employed 100,000 workers during the peak of
the war. The population in Richmond before the
war was 23,642 and after was well over 100,000.
The cities current racial composition can be
traced back to this period because many blacks
from the south left their farms looking for
employment created as a result of the war.
(Richmond, CA Info)

www.rootsweb.com/.../postcards/ ppcs-ccc.html
www.rootsweb.com/.../postcards/ ppcs-ccc.html
7

After world war II growth slowed down and jobs
were lost but most of the industrial facilities
stayed put.
Today Richmond, California still has the same
landscape as it did during the war. It is a large
landmass of industrial sprawl with surrounding
housing and small businesses.
Over time these facilities have significantly
destroyed the air, water, and soil quality.
Leading to health and safety problems for the
people of the community.

http//arch.ced.berkeley.edu/kap/2002_images/Queue
/richmond02.jpg
8

Here is a diagram of all of the Oil refineries
located in and around the city of Richmond. Some
of the TRI sites listed are also refineries.

Alison De Lucca http//www.bol.ucla.edu/adelucca
/richmond.htm (April 2004)
9
Toxic release inventory sites (TRI) are sites
where there has been toxic releases such as
explosions involving toxic gases, spills
releasing hazardous liquids, or any form of
release that has chemical or harmful substances.
As you can see Contra Costa County has had many
toxic releases making it one of the most unsafe
counties to live in, in the United States. People
living in these areas are obviously at higher
health and safety risks. You can also see that
most of the sites are located at the Northernmost
parts of the County and especially in the city of
Richmond and this is because this area is
adjacent to the waterways of the delta and into
the bay.
Alison De Lucca http//www.bol.ucla.edu/adelucca
/richmond.htm (April 2004)
10
http//www.wetzoollamb.net/tours/sheer/portrichmon
d.html

Some environmental issues that have come about as
a result of the Environmental damage that has
occurred as a consequence of these companies are
Land and soil degradation
Water and ground water contamination
Air pollution

11
http//www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/su
rveybi04.html

Soil
Through industrial process and oil refining there
can be oil and other chemicals spilled on the
soil. This usually happens as a result of an
explosion or while transporting. Once on the soil
the oil and chemicals get soaked in and over time
and can leak into the groundwater harming both
animal and human health.
Another problem is when we clean up a spill all
we do is dig up the contaminated soil and take it
somewhere else such as a landfill where it will
have the same impacts.

Water
These toxic facilities are major contributors to
ground and surface water.
Water disposed of by these facilities is usually
highly contaminated by all of the chemicals it
came in contact with during different processes.
Most of the water from oil refining usually comes
from cooling towers, desalting processes,
distillation, and storm water runoff.
The water is usually recycled throughout the
systems multiple times meaning it could come in
contact with more than just one substance.
Although the wastewater is regulated under the
Clean Water Act, (CWA) this is only at the point
source it is not regulated in non-point source
runoff and seepage.
The sign below shows just how toxic the waters
have become in the bay. The sign is showing that
the shellfish in the area are considered deadly.

http//geogweb.berkeley.edu/GeoImages/BainCalif/ca
l400/clamdead.html
Shellfish deadly Point Isabel Regional Shoreline,
Richmond, CA (1987)
13

Air
Oil refining companies are the biggest culprit in
contributing to air pollution.
Here is a list of some of the pollutants that
come out of the refining processes.
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene,
Particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfer dioxide.
Some of these chemicals are known cancer causing
agents
These toxins can also be responsible for
developmental and reproduction problems and the
development of respiratory problems such as
asthma.
They are also harmful to the environment in the
form of global warming and ozone depletion.
These toxins are usually released when there are
valve leaks, burning of fuels for energy,
explosions and accidents, fugitive releases, and
regular emissions.

http//www.airflowengineeredsystems.com/
14

EMP RANK
BUSINESS NAME CATEGORY
EMPLOYEES
1 CHEVRON USA
Petroleum/Coal Products
2442
2 KAISER PERMANENTE
Hospitals
602
3 BERLEX LABORATORIES
Chemical Prdct/Production 471
4 SAFEWAY STORES
Retail Food Stores
323
5 MACYS DEPARTMENT STORE Department
Stores 292
6 MSC PINOLE POINT STEEL
Primary Metal Industry
243
7 BIO RAD LABORATORIES
Chemical Prdct/Production 218
8 FORD MOTOR CO PARTS DIST
Transportation Equipment 194
9 KENSINGTON LABORATORIES
Instruments Rltd Prdcts 193
10 QUICK RESPONSE SERVICES
Printing/Publishing
188
11 COSTCO WHOLESALE
Genl Merchandise Retail 168
12 SEARS ROEBUCK CO
Department Stores
160
13 WIRELESS FULFILLMENT SERVICES Communication
157
14 VERIFLO CORP
Industrial Equipment
157
15 ZIPREALTY COM RE
Brokers Agencies 153
16 JC PENNEY CO
Department Stores
152
17 ALBERTSONS
Retail Food Stores
148

Here is a list of some of the businesses in the
city of Richmond. You can see the highlighted
companies are the ones working with highly
polluting industrial and chemical processes.
The EMP rank is the employment rank which shows
what companies employ the most people and you can
see that the petrochemical and other industrial
companies are some of the companies employing the
most people

http//www.ci.richmond.ca.us/Information/Facts02-0
4.pdf
15

I will now analyze the company that was number
one on the list in the previous slide, one of the
biggest polluting facilities in Richmond
ChevronTexaco.
ChevronTexaco one of the largest oil companies in
the world, operates refineries and industrial
plants in Richmond.
The company makes billions of dollars in profits
and is high up in being a major political and
economic player in California. They are one of
the wealthiest companies in the world as members
of the Fortune 500. The company has spent
millions of dollars on advertising campaigns to
promote their concern for the environment while
in the background they are spending even more for
lobbying and campaign contributions that are
aimed at degrading environmental, human, and
labor standards. (Project Underground)

http//ssla.oneworld.net/ezimagecatalogue/catalogu
e/variations/5396-100x150.jpg
http//www.chevron.sk/
16

The ChevronTexaco refinery has been one of the
top ranking toxic waste producers for over a
decade. In 2000, Chevron Texaco released about
1.5 million pounds of toxics, on site and off
site, into the air, land and water of the bay
area. (Project Underground)
The EPA alleged that ChevronTexaco did not
fully report a few different toxic chemical
spills. They also were accused of violating the
Clean Air Act on many different occasions between
1991 and 1995 by bypassing the refinerys water
treatment system and discharging water that
exceeded toxicity limits. Within these releases
was hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur
dioxide, and sulfuric acid. (Project
Underground)
All of these violations were discovered when
federal and state investigators found that the
plants wastewater could not pass an acute
toxicity test. One test was to drop some baby
trout and other fish in the water to see if they
would survive and not a single one did.
(Project Underground)

http//pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/est/98/may/4904coleC.
ev.jpg
These are Large manmade columns of water created
to try and dissolve out chemicals from the
Chevron Refinery
17
http//www.chevrontoxico.com/

Here are just a few issues that have been taken
up against ChevronTexaco.
Conversationalists have challenged the amount of
pollution the Chevron Oil refinery in Richmond is
allowed to dump into San Francisco Bay.
(RiverWatch)
Communities for a Better Environment contend
state regulators broke state and federal laws by
allowing Chevron to dump too much dioxin into the
bay. (RiverWatch)
The state warns people not to eat more than
certain amounts of fish from the Bay, but they're
not telling Chevron to reduce its contribution to
the harm," said Greg Karras, a scientist for the
statewide group based in Oakland. (RiverWatch)
Karras also said new data that industries report
to the federal EPA shows that Chevron accounts
for more dioxin pollution than any other
industrial plant in the bay area. (RiverWatch)

A good example of how the community of Richmond
negotiated with Chevron in order to make the city
cleaner, was when GNP (Good Neighbor Project)
teamed up with the West County Toxics Coalition
and several community groups to help the
communities that were predominantly
African-American and located near the refinery.
GNP helped attain a Good Neighbor Agreement among
the parties in which chevron agreed to
Install 350 "leakless" valves in a new project
and retrofit 200-400 valves in the existing
refinery.
Continue to reduce toxic emissions from the
refinery beyond the 60 achieved between
1988-1992.
Provide skilled job training to 100 local
residents.
Contribute 2 million to a local health center.
Install sirens and computers, train emergency
workers and establish and fund a city Emergency
Services coordinator position for five years.
Redirect 5 million in corporate philanthropy to
nearest and poorest neighbors over five years.
Spend 100,000 over 3 years to restore native
vegetation along bayshore property.
Work with East Bay Regional Parks to complete a
feasibility study for constructing a bike trail
from Pt. Richmond to Pt. San Pablo. (Riverwatch)

In another story where the Richmond community won
a big victory was when the Richmond City Council
Energy Subcommittee voted to reject a proposed
heavily polluting power plant. And did something
completely opposite and voted to support new
studies towards clean and renewable energy.
(Green Action)
One hundred residents of this low-income
community heavily impacted by polluting
industries turned out to denounce the proposed
500 megawatt power plant that reportedly would
have used oil-derived fuel. (Green Action)
In response to the unanimous objections from
the community to the power plant plan, the City
Council vote was greeted with cheers and a
standing ovation from the audience. (Green
Action)

http//www.mcdowellknight.com/images/pieces/smoke_
stacks.jpg
20

As was mentioned before the majority of the
population in Richmond is African American but
not by much 31.4 is white 12.3 Asian and
about 14 Latino. (Richmond Ca, Info)
And although Richmond is mostly an industrial
city there is a portion of Richmond that is often
overlooked. This portion is inhabited by middle
to upper-class mostly white families. It is
located far from the refineries with views of the
water and a golf course near by. The prices of
some homes in this area can reach one million
dollars.
This just shows how segregated the community is.
The majority of African Americans and Latinos are
located within the closest proximity of the toxic
sites while the majority of whites live far away
from the toxic sites.

http//www.ci.richmond.ca.us/Information/racein.ht
m (Richmond California Info)
21

This picture shows just how close the Richmond
schools are to the refineries and TRIs. The
schools located in side the circle are all within
one mile of one of these sites.
This is a major problem considering that kids are
at more risk for serious health problems. There
is an ever-growing body of science showing that
children are much more vulnerable than adults to
chemical exposure, yet most health standards for
pollution are set at levels that protect just
adults," said Assemblywoman Escutia. "Kids can't
speak up for themselves nor can they shield
themselves from the dangers of pollution. (The
California League of Conservation)

One mile radius circle
Alison De Lucca http//www.bol.ucla.edu/adelucca
/richmond.htm (April 2004)
22
Alison De Lucca http//www.bol.ucla.edu/adelucca
/richmond.htm (April 2004)

You can see from the above pictures that the
location of the TRI sites are in the most
impoverished and non-white areas.
It is clear that income level and race are
factors that are closely related to the location
of these toxic sites. There is no question that
people of color experience a disproportionate
exposure to harmful toxins.

The 1989 CBE report Richmond At Risk Community
Demographics and Toxic Hazards from Industrial
Polluters documents this environmental racism,
finding that the toxic hazards in the Richmond
industrial zones were located adjacent to 14
neighborhoods where 70 to 90 of the residents
were African-American. (Richmond Greens)
In one incident more than 7000 pounds of
sulfuric acid fumes poured from a leaky General
Chemical railroad car for three hours, forming a
corrosive cloud that sent up to 20,000 people to
hospital (Richmond Greens)
Michael Belliveau, the executive director of the
California Citizens for a Better Environment
(CBE) stated in a hearing on the spill on August
10, Over the last five years, more than 10 other
major chemical releases and explosions have
killed one person, severely burned four people
and exposed thousands more throughout the
county. (Richmond Greens)

http//sf.indymedia.org/news/2003/09/1642665.php
24

We are expendable. Our lives are not important.
They feel that they can continue to trample on
our human dignity. These comments from Henry
Clark, the executive director of the West County
Toxics Coalition and a resident of North
Richmond, the area hardest hit by the toxic
release, reflect the general mood.(Richmond
Greens)
Michelle Jackson of Neighborhood House in North
Richmond underlined this in her testimony. This
racism was blatant when African American females
were taken to the fire station and asked to take
off all their clothes while white firemen watered
their naked bodies down with water hoses looking
very promiscuous... This racism was blatant when
residents who were taken over 50 kilometres away
for care ... were left to find their own way
back to North Richmond ... This racism was
blatant when nobody, absolutely nobody came to
North Richmond to do an environmental check on
the elderly, children, families, and residents
with prior documented respiratory
problems.(Richmond Greens)

http//www.toxiclinks.net/thumbnails.html

Here are some examples of how the people in the
Richmond community are being affected and how
they feel about it
Dortha Reid who move to Richmond near the chevron
refinery and other chemical plants has watched
her sick children and her grandchildren develop
asthma.
"There's nothing worse than sitting up with a new
baby that's sick," said Reid, 55, who herself got
the disease as an adult. "My great-grandson, we
had to take him to the hospital for three days
when he was 4 months old."
Children are particularly susceptible to asthma
attacks, which can be triggered by dust, mold,
cigarette smoke and air pollution, health experts
say.
While Contra Costa's asthma rate among children
is 9 percent, according to the UCLA study,
sufferers are highly concentrated in Richmond,
San Pablo and Bay Point, areas where
neighborhoods border refineries and chemical
plants, figures from the county and state
Department of Public Health show
In Contra Costa, 181 residents, 11 of them
children, died from asthma from 1992 to 2000.
From 1995 to 1997, 3,219 Contra Costa residents
were hospitalized for asthma, 1,105 of them
children, the California Department of Health
Services reports.
"In the final end it comes down to a disrespect
for us," said Henry Clark, executive director of
the West County Toxics Coalition. "We're not
recognized as human beings. You can dump garbage
on them, you can dump waste on them."
(Richmond Greens)

http//www.richmondgreens.net/pollution.htm
26

Here are some facts pulled directly from the
Black Leadership Forum
The air in African American communities
violates air quality standards. In 2002, 71 of
African Americans live in counties that violate
federal air pollution standards, compared to 58
of the white population. (Black Leadership
Forum)
Most African Americans live near a power plant.
Seventy-eight percent of African Americans live
within 30 miles of a power plant - the distance
within which the maximum effects of the
smokestack plume are expected to occur. By
comparison, about 56 of the white population
live within 30 miles of a coal-fired power
plant. (Black Leadership Forum)
Asthma attacks send African Americans to the
emergency room at three times the rate (174.3
visits per 10,000 population) of whites (59.4
visits per 10,000 population). African Americans
are hospitalized for asthma at more than three
times the rate of whites. (Black Leadership
Forum)
The death rate from asthma for African Americans
is twice that of whites (38.7 deaths per million
population vs. 14.2 deaths per million
population. (Black Leadership Forum)

http//www.spinningdisks.com/images_gallery_design
/envracism.gif
27

This is a copy of an interview with Dr. Robert
Bullard, one of the pioneering scholars and
activists in the environmental justice movement
that I think hits the nail on the head I
highlighted what I thought were some of the best
points
Earth First interviewed Robert Bullard about
environmental justice for people of color. Earth
First stands in solidarity with people who are
subjected to environmental racism by
multinational corporations like
Chevron/Exxon/etc..
From the Earth First journal
"RB Race is still the potent factor for
predicting where Locally Unwanted Land Uses
(LULUs) go. A lot of people say its class, but
race and class are intertwined. Because the
society is so racist and because racism touches
every institution--employment, housing,
education, facility siting, land use decisions,
you can't really extract race out of decisions
that are being made by persons who are in power
and the power arrangements are unequal. When we
talk about the institution of racism as it exists
in environmental policy, enforcement, land use,
zoning and all those things. All of that is part
of the environment and we have to make sure that
our brothers and sisters who are in environmental
groups understand that's what we are saying.
Environmental justice is not a social program,
it's not affirmative actions, its about justice.
and until we get justice in environmental
protection, justice in terms of enforcement of
regulations, we will not even talk about
achieving sustainable development or
sustainability issues until we talk about
justice. A lot of the groups that are trying to
address these issues in the absence of dealing
with race may be fooling themselves. When we talk
about what's happening along the US-Mexican
border and the colonias and the maquilas and the
devastation that is happening along the border,
the health conditions of children and workers and
not understand that it's also related to our
consumption patterns, consumption behavior and
who has the most money to consume the most. And
those are issues that may be unpopular when we
sit in rooms and talk but I think that's how the
environmental justice movement is forcing these
issues on the table and really getting a lot of
people to think about how we can start to address
the disparities and the inequities and the
privileged position that some people have only
because of the skin color that they were born in.
And that's where the justice issues come into
account.
Now all of the issues of environmental racism and
environmental justice don't just deal with people
of color. We are just as much concerned with
inequities in Appalachia, for example, where the
whites are basically dumped on because of lack of
economic and political clout and lack of having a
voice to say "no" and that's environmental
injustice. So we're trying to work with groups
across the political spectrums democrats,
republicans, independents, on the reservations,
in the barrios, in the ghettos, on the border and
internationally to see that we address these
issues in a comprehensive manner. "
www.ejnet.org/ej/bullard.html

Here is a list of what the Green Party is
proposing for Richmond CA
The Green Party proposes to
Phase out fossil fuels and convert to renewable
energy sources
Reduce the use of fossil fuels by large scale
conservation and by converting to safe, renewable
energy sources
The Richmond Greens propose to
Reduce the use of fossil fuels by large scale
conservation and by gradually converting to safe,
renewable energy sources.
Participate in a regional Public Power entity
which has a comprehensive plan to phase out
completely the utilization of fossil fuels for
energy production, replacing them gradually with
clean renewable sources.
Declare Richmond a "Clean Industry ONLY Zone".
Phase out fossil fuel production in Richmond.
Have Chevron-Texaco provide a comprehensive early
retirement package (including substantial
severance pay and re-training programs) to all
employees affected by the downsizing and eventual
closing of theRichmond Chevron Texaco refinery,
and related industries (General Chemical).
Mandate Chevron to clean up the 100 years of
pollution accumulated in the land. Restrict the
uses of the land to activities which enhance the
cleaning upprocess.
Compensate appropriately the Richmond residents
whose health and well being have being affected
by years of pollution from the refinery and
related industry.
Use tax measures and land use permits to force
Chevron to comply with the will of the people of
Richmond. (RICHMOND GREENS)

http//www.greenaction.org/index.shtml
http//www.richmondgreens.net/pollution.htm
29

In conclusion Richmond California has a community
base that is going in the right direction. They
are forming groups and taking action against the
companies polluting their city and making their
families sick. ChevronTexaco and other highly
polluting companies will not be leaving any time
soon but they can be cleaned up and regulated.
And as far as Environmental Injustice and racism
the community just needs to keep fighting for
their rights and educating as many people as
possible about their situation. There needs to be
a change in how we decide where toxic facilities
are placed. Finding the most impoverished cities
with communities of color is Environmental
injustice and is usually tied to racism.
Here are a few of the community groups that are a
devoted to change in Richmond, CA that you can
look further into for more information
The West County Toxics Coalition -Up to 1000
members of the Richmond community have come
together under the banner of this community
organization.
Communities for a Better Environment (CBE) -An
environmental group based in the San Francisco
Bay Area, CBE has provided much technical and
scientific assistance to local community groups.
CBE helped provide scientific information and
expertise about the Chevron refineries and other
industrial plants to the residents of Richmond.
Richmond Greens - Green Values the African
American Community
Richmond Progressive Alliance - We are an
alliance of Progressive Democrats, Greens and
Independents coming together in progressive
unity for a better and healthier Richmond,
California
Green Action Green action mobilizes community
power to win victories that change government and
corporate policies and practices to protect
health and to promote environmental justice.

http//www.greenaction.org/index.shtml
http//www.greenaction.org/index.shtml
30
Work Cited

Environmental update 12 Published by the
Hazourdous Substance Research Centers (June 2003)
Accessed 4/18/04
http//www.hsrc-ssw.org/update12.pdf
Project Underground Richmond, California Accessed
4/18/04
http//www.moles.org/ProjectUnderground/oil/richmo
nd/
River watch Accessed 4/15/04
http//www.northerncaliforniariverwatch.org/resour
ces/news20articles/press_cuff.html
Smart Community Network -Good Neighbor Agreement
with Chevron Richmond Refinery Accessed 4/15/04
http//www.sustainable.doe.gov/success/good_neighb
or_project.shtml
Richmond, California Information Homepage
Accessed 4/20/04
http//www.ci.richmond.ca.us/Information/Fact.html
Redefining Richmond A Preliminary Study of the
Toxic Release Inventory Sites Located in Richmond
California
Alison De Lucca Mid-term UP206A Professor Leo
Estrada November, 2000
http//www.bol.ucla.edu/adelucca/richmond.htm

31
Work Cited Continued

Black Leadership Forum Inc, Air of Injustice
African Americans and power plant pollution
http//www.blackleadershipforum.org/articles/air_i
njustice.html
Green Action Victory for clean, Renewable Energy
in Richmond, California
http//www.greenaction.org/powerplants/pr060401.sh
tml
http//www.greenaction.org/index.shtml
Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide
E-LAW Impact South Africa Rejects Hazardous
Waste Incineration
www.elaw.org/custom/custompages/ viewpage.asp
Environmental racism and oil refineries by moth
Tuesday November 04, 2003 at 0233 PM
http//sf.indymedia.org/news/2003/11/1657337.php
Environmnetal Justice An interview with Robert
Bullard July 1999 by Errol Schweizer
http//www.ejnet.org/ej/bullard.html
Richmond Greens Many neighborhoods One
Richmond
http//www.richmondgreens.net/pollution.htm

Write a Comment

User Comments (0)

About PowerShow.com

Richmond California The growing crisis of the communities in the city of Richmond California PowerPoint PPT Presentation