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THE ABSTRACT

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Title: THE ABSTRACT


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THE ABSTRACT
  • Students Research Committee
  • Iman Adibi
  • i_adibi_at_med.mui.ac.ir

4
Topics
  • Content of result abstract
  • Background and objective, method, Result, answer
    and implication
  • Content of method abstract
  • Name, The purpose, The population, features,
    advantages, test, efficacy
  • Abstract for meetings
  • keywords

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How to Write an Abstract That Will Be Accepted
for Presentation at a National Meeting by David
J Pierson MD FAARC
  • My mentor, Thomas L Petty, once explained to me
    the relative difficulty of presenting complex
    information clearly and concisely.
  • If you want a 10-min summary, I can have it for
    you a week from today
  • if you want it to be 30 minutes, I can do it
    tomorrow
  • if you want a whole hour, Im ready now.

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Types of Abstracts
  • Meeting vs. journal
  • Structured vs. non- structured
  • Result paper vs. method paper

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Abstract Of Results Paper
  • Why did you start?
  • What did you do?
  • What did you find?
  • What does it mean?

answers to those questions, and nothing more
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Length
  • 250 words
  • Make your abstract no longer than the abstract in
    recent issues of the journal
  • No more than 250 even if they publish

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Keys Components
  • Introduction (1-2 sentences)
  • Context
  • Objective
  • Material and Method (2-3 sentences)
  • Design
  • Setting
  • Patients
  • Interventions
  • Main Outcome Measure(s)
  • Results (several sentences )
  • Conclusions (1-2 sentences)

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Why did you start?
  • Background if reader would wonder why you are
    asking your question
  • Objective State only the most important
    question(s)
  • importance of your work
  • difficulty of the area
  • impact it might have

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  • Common word signals
  • We asked whether
  • To determine whether/To determine the
  • To evaluate / we evaluated
  • The purpose of the study was ...
  • The aim of this study was to ...
  • This study attempted to answer the following
    questions to test the hypothesis...
  • This study focused on the....

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JAMA. 2006 Jul 19296(3)283-91
  • CONTEXT Migraine with aura has been associated
    with an adverse cardiovascular risk profile and
    prothrombotic factors that, along with
    migraine-specific physiology, may increase the
    risk of vascular events. Although migraine with
    aura has been associated with increased risk of
    ischemic stroke, an association with
    cardiovascular disease (CVD) and, specifically,
    coronary events remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To
    evaluate the association between migraine with
    and without aura and subsequent risk of overall
    and specific CVD.

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N Engl J Med. 2006 Jul 20355(3)281-7.
  • BACKGROUND Participation of women in the medical
    profession has increased during the past four
    decades, but issues of concern persist regarding
    disparities between the sexes in academic
    medicine. Advancement is largely driven by
    peer-reviewed original research, so we sought to
    determine the representation of female
    physician-investigators among the authors of
    selected publications during the past 35 years

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Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 May14(5)770-3
  • OBJECTIVES Obesity before and during pregnancy
    is associated with several obstetrics risk
    factors for both mother and fetus. The aim of
    this retrospective study was to analyze the
    influence of BMI before pregnancy on distinct
    perinatal parameters.

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Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Jul 14
  • OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to
    determine the effectiveness of obstetrics
    simulator training for medical students by
    comparing measures of confidence in normal
    obstetrics skills of students with and without
    training.

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JAMA. 2006 Jul 19296(3)310-8.
  • CONTEXT Thirty percent of patients with sickle
    cell disease (SCD) develop pulmonary
    hypertension, a major risk factor for death in
    this population. A validated blood biomarker of
    pulmonary hypertension in SCD could provide
    important prognostic and diagnostic information
    and allow the exploration of the prevalence of
    pulmonary hypertension in participants in the
    1996 Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea in Sickle
    Cell Anemia (MSH) Patients' Follow-up Study.
    Levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic
    peptide (NT-proBNP) provide such information in
    patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial
    hypertension. OBJECTIVE To determine the
    relationship between NT-proBNP levels and
    severity of pulmonary hypertension and
    prospective mortality in patients with SCD.

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Int J Cardiol. 2006 Jul 3
  • OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effects of nebivolol
    on platelet activation in hypertensive patients
    by measuring mean platelet volume (MPV) and
    plasma soluble P-selectin (sP-sel) levels and
    compared with those of the patients taking
    metoprolol.

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What was done
  • Design
  • Setting
  • Population, Patients
  • Interventions, experimental approach
  • Material
  • Conditions ( if)
  • Main Outcome Measure(s), Dependent and
    independent variable
  • To answer this question we . . .

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JAMA. 2006 Jul 19296(3)283-91
  • DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective
    cohort study of 27,840 US women aged 45 years or
    older who were participating in the Women's
    Health Study, were free of CVD and angina at
    study entry (1992-1995), and who had information
    on self-reported migraine and aura status, and
    lipid measurements. This report is based on
    follow-up data through March 31, 2004. MAIN
    OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was
    the combined end point of major CVD (first
    instance of nonfatal ischemic stroke, nonfatal
    myocardial infarction, or death due to ischemic
    CVD) other measures were first ischemic stroke,
    myocardial infarction, coronary
    revascularization, angina, and death due to
    ischemic CVD

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Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 May14(5)770-3.
  • METHODS AND PROCEDURES The study includes 5067
    singleton pregnancies from 2001 to 2004 at the
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
    University of Leipzig. The study group was
    divided into BMI groups lt18.5, gt/18.5 to lt25,
    gt/25 to lt30, gt/30 to lt35, gt/35 to lt40, and
    gt/40 kg/m(2). Analysis of perinatal data
    included rate of intrauterine death, rate of
    cesarean section and shoulder dystocia, time of
    hospital stay for mother and newborn, and
    gestational age of delivery. Neonatal outcome
    variables included percentage of newborns
    weighing gt4000 grams, rate of umbilical cord pH
    lt7.10, and rate of 1-, 5-, and 10-minute Apgar
    scores of lt8.

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Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Jul 14
  • STUDY DESIGN After a lecture on normal labor and
    delivery, 33 third-year students practiced their
    skills either on an obstetrics simulator (n 17)
    or received no further formal instruction (n
    16). All students were asked to respond to
    surveys of their experience and confidence in
    performing obstetrics procedures

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Int J Cardiol. 2006 Jul 3
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty newly diagnosed
    hypertensive patients in grade 1 hypertension
    were enrolled in this prospective, blinded
    randomized study. Seventy two patients completed
    the study. After baseline assessment, each
    patient was randomly allocated to 5 mg daily dose
    of nebivolol (n37, 20 male) or 100 mg daily dose
    of metoprolol (n35, 18 male) and treated for 6
    months. Blood pressure, heart rate, lipid
    profile, plasma glucose, sP-selectin levels,
    platelet counts and MPV were measured before and
    after treatment.

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What was found
  • Only the results that answer the question
  • Data for most important results.
  • Give percent change
  • Do not include figures and tables
  • a logical order , such as most to least important
    or least to most important .

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JAMA. 2006 Jul 19296(3)310-8.
  • RESULTS NT-proBNP levels were higher in patients
    with sickle cell pulmonary hypertension and
    correlated directly with tricuspid regurgitant
    jet velocity in the NIH cohort (R 0.50,
    Plt.001). An NT-proBNP level of 160 pg/mL or
    greater had a 78 positive predictive value for
    the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension and was
    an independent predictor of mortality (21 deaths
    at 31 months' median follow-up risk ratio, 5.1
    95 confidence interval, 2.1-12.5 Plt.001 19.5
    absolute increase in risk of death). In the MSH
    cohort, 30 of patients had an NT-proBNP level of
    160 pg/mL or greater. An NT-proBNP level of 160
    pg/mL or greater in the MSH cohort was
    independently associated with mortality by Cox
    proportional hazards regression analysis (24
    deaths at 47 months' median follow-up risk
    ratio, 2.87 95 confidence interval, 1.2-6.6 P
    .02 11.9 absolute increase in risk of death).

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JAMA. 2006 Jul 19296(3)283-91
  • RESULTS At baseline, 5125 women (18.4) reported
    any history of migraine of the 3610 with active
    migraine (migraine in the prior year), 1434
    (39.7) indicated aura symptoms. During a mean of
    10 years of follow-up, 580 major CVD events
    occurred. Compared with women with no migraine
    history, women who reported active migraine with
    aura had multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of
    2.15 (95 confidence interval CI, 1.58-2.92
    Plt.001) for major CVD, 1.91 (95 CI, 1.17-3.10 P
    .01) for ischemic stroke, 2.08 (95 CI,
    1.30-3.31 P .002) for myocardial infarction,
    1.74 (95 CI, 1.23-2.46 P .002) for coronary
    revascularization, 1.71 (95 CI, 1.16-2.53 P
    .007) for angina, and 2.33 (95 CI, 1.21-4.51 P
    .01) for ischemic CVD death. After adjusting
    for age, there were 18 additional major CVD
    events attributable to migraine with aura per 10
    000 women per year. Women who reported active
    migraine without aura did not have increased risk
    of any vascular events or angina.

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Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Jul 14
  • RESULTS Students who practiced deliveries on the
    simulator were more likely to believe that they
    could perform most portions of a vaginal delivery
    with minimal supervision or independently than
    were students who did not receive simulator
    experience. Fifteen students (88) who received
    simulator experience felt that they were ready to
    attempt a vaginal delivery independently or with
    minimal supervision compared with 2 students
    (12.5) who received a lecture only (P lt .001).

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Int J Cardiol. 2006 Jul 3
  • RESULTS At the end of 6 months, nebivolol
    significantly decreased MPV and plasma
    sP-selectin levels (7.59/-0.78 fl vs.
    7.42/-0.74 fl, plt0.001 1.29/-0.46 ng/ml vs.
    1.21/-0.36 ng/ml, p0.002, respectively)
    compared to those of pretreatment. Although
    pretreatment sP-selectin levels of the two groups
    were similar, posttreatment plasma sP-selectin
    levels were significantly reduced with nebivolol
    compared with those of metoprolol group
    (1.21/-0.36 ng/ml vs. 1.46/-0.30 ng/ml,
    p0.008). In contrast, metoprolol treatment did
    not cause any significant change in platelet
    activation parameters after treatment.

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  • Often only the species or the population the
    condition , the material and maybe a brief of the
    experimental approach are given in the statement
    of what was done.
  • The details of what was done specific
    independent and dependent variables, doses,
    methods- are given in the sentences that tell
    what was found.

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What does it mean
  • Answer, Do not write vague
  • Implication or speculation, Include a sentence
  • We conclude that , thus , these findings showed
    that , these results indicate that, therefore
  • Be careful to distinguish between the answer and
    the implication by using clear signals and
    appropriate verbs
  • Answer definite verbs we conclude that X
    causes Y
  • Implication hedged verbs these results suggest
    that X may play a role in Y

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Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Jul 14
  • CONCLUSION Students who practiced deliveries on
    an obstetrics simulator report higher levels of
    confidence in their skills to perform vaginal
    deliveries.

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Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 May14(5)770-3
  • DISCUSSION A high pre-pregnancy BMI is clearly
    associated with a higher rate of cesarean section
    deliveries. However, under the compensating
    conditions of a tertiary perinatal center,
    overall morbidity of mothers and newborns seems
    not to be increased.

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Int J Cardiol. 2006 Jul 3
  • CONCLUSION Beneficial effects of nebivolol on
    platelet activation were more potent than those
    of metoprolol. We consider that decreased
    platelet activation with nebivolol might play a
    role to reduce thrombotic risk in hypertensive
    patients.

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Writing tips
  • Repeat key terms
  • Use the same order for details
  • Keep the same verb and point of view in the
    question and the answer
  • P values alone are not useful, if you want to
    give a quantative idea of the data without
    presenting actual values such as mean and SD give
    percent change.

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Writing tips
  • Present for the question and the answer
  • Past tense for what was done and what was found
  • Use Short sentences and Simple words
  • Avoid noun clusters

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Abbreviations
  • Avoid abbreviations when ever possible
  • You should use standard abbreviations for units
    of measurements
  • You can use standard widely accepted
    abbreviations
  • Some journals permit abbreviations that are
    standard in their specialty
  • Define it first time
  • One is no problem
  • Two are ok
  • Three are borderline

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To condense a long abstract
  • Omit unnecessary words
  • Condense background
  • Definitions
  • Experimental preparation
  • Details of method
  • Exact data
  • Confirmatory results
  • Comparison with previous results
  • Note on counting words

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Excessive Detail
  • Use category terms instead of listing all
    variables
  • Report data only for he most important results
  • Give percent change instead of exact data
  • Omit p values
  • Omit significantly
  • Use MeanSD only once

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Methods papers
  • Name of the method , Apparatus or material
  • The purpose
  • The species or population
  • How it works, key features
  • The advantages
  • How it was tested
  • How well it works
  • Always begin with the first four

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Writing tips
  • It is OK but not necessary to indicate the
    method is new
  • Include the name purpose and species in one
    sentence
  • Usually include how the method was tested and how
    well it works in one sentence
  • Name past or present
  • Method or apparatus , advantages present
  • Method Testing , How well past

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  • We have designed a new endotracheal flowmeter
    (name ) to measure tidal volume, phasic and mean
    pressure, inspirotary time, and end tidal Pco2
    and Po2 (purpose) in intubated infants
    (population). The flowmeter is light (11 g) and
    adds minimal dead space (1.0 ml) and resistance
    (2 cm H2O/110 ml per s) to the infants airway .
    The volume signal (lt 10ml) is linear to 7 Hz, and
    end-tidal gases can be measured at respiratory
    rates of 90 breaths/min.( key features)

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  • This flowmeter is particularly valuable for
    evaluating rapid mechanical ventilation of very
    low birth weight infants. (advantages) In 125 in
    5o infants weighting 740 1500g (how it was
    tested) the flowmeter accurately measured a wide
    range of tidal volume. ( how well it works)

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Abstracts for meetings
  • Include more details
  • Graph and table (No title or legends)
  • More likely to include implications
  • If the results are good the abstract will be
    accepted. If not, data will not help
  • Do not omit the result
  • more liberal and extensive use of abbreviations

44
Key words
  • Important topics
  • Select the term that you would look up if you
    were trying to find your own paper and that
    attract the readers you hope to reach
  • Use current terms
  • MeSH terms are preferred
  • Use the most specific terms
  • If necessary include a term even if it does not
    appear in your paper

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Topics
  • Content of result abstract
  • Background and objective, method, Result, answer
    and implication
  • Content of method abstract
  • Name, The purpose, The population, features,
    advantages, test, efficacy
  • Abstract for meetings
  • keywords

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The Title
  • Effective titles
  • Identify the main issue
  • Begin with the subject of your paper
  • Are accurate, unambiguous, specific and complete
  • Do not contain abbreviation
  • Attract readers

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  • The sequence of the human genome
  • Initial sequencing and analysis of the human
    genome
  • The effect of parenteral smoking on the
    development of asthma and other atopic disease in
    children evidence from a birth cohort study in
    NSW, austrailia
  • Parenteral smoking and the development of
    childhood asthma

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  • On the circulation of the blood.
  • Toward a definition of asthma for epidemiology
  • The relationship between symptoms of asthma
    airway hyper responsiveness results from a
    population study of children
  • Mental distress and the risk of hip fractures. Do
    broken hearts lead to broken bones

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  • Traditional
  • Effect of asthma on linear growth in children
  • Asthma and linear growth in children
  • Final height attainment of asthmatic children
  • Question
  • does asthma reduce linear growth ?
  • Are asthmatic children shorter than non asthmatic
    children ?
  • Assertive
  • Asthma is negatively associated with growth in
    height during adolescence
  • Linear growth deficit in asthmatic children
  • Over weight children and the risk of asthma

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