Becoming a World Power

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Becoming a World Power
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I. Steps Toward Empire
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America as a Model Society

• Persistent expansion marked the first century of
  Americas history.
• After the Civil War, America purchased Alaska
  from Russia in 1867 for 7.2 million and acquired
  a naval coaling station on Midway Island near the
  Hawaiian chain which was eventually annexed in
  1898.
• Attempts to annex Santo Domingo failed.

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Expansionism in the 1890s
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Profits Searching for Overseas Markets

• Understanding the accepted model of national
  expansion, big business supported the building of
  a stronger navy and widespread coaling stations.
• The tremendous growth in American production
  saddled with the depression forced American
  business to seek markets overseas.

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Patriotism Asserting National Power

• Most Americans of the age saw expansion as an
  expression of national glory and greatness.
• Piety also came into play there existed a
  missionary impulse to carry Western ideals to
  Christian lands around the globe.
• Politics also played a role public opinion was
  emerging as a driving force in shaping political
  policy thanks to a highly competitive press.

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War in Cuba And The Philippines
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The Road to War

• The Cuban struggle against Spains Gen. Weyler
  appealed to a country determined to avenge the
  weak.
• Sugar plantations also sparked national interest.
• When the U.S. Battleship Maine was sent to Havana
  and subsequently blown to bits, America had an
  excuse to wage war against Spain.

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• The most crucial battle of the Spanish-American
  war occurred in Manila Bay when the U.S. fleet
  destroyed the Spanish navy.
• A subsequent Treaty of Paris granted the 7,000
  islands of the Philippines to America in return
  for a 20 million payment to Spain.
• The ratification of the treaty led to intense
  national debate over the nature of expansion on a
  global scale.

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Theodore Roosevelts Energetic Diplomacy
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Foreign Policy as Darwinian Struggle

• Reading the theories of Charles Darwin as a young
  man, Theodore Roosevelt became convinced that
  life was a constant struggle for survival.
• To be militarily prepared and able to fight well
  were both tests of racial superiority and
  national greatness.
• In practical application, this meant maintaining
  large navies and the conviction to use them in
  the negotiations of diplomacy.

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Taking the Panama Canal

• 1850 treaty designating the joint administration
  of the U.S. and England in building the canal
  nullified in 1901 by the British in exchange for
  assurances of global usage
• Where specifically to dig the canal and how to
  administrate the zone solved by U.S. sponsored
  revolution of Panama, then a province of Columbia
• Panamanian independence and the Hay and
  Bunau-Varilla treaty created Canal Zone to be
  controlled by America

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Policing the Caribbean

• After Cuban independence, the U.S. forced the
  signing of the Platt Amendment which granted
  America many economic rights in Cuba and the
  naval base at Guantanamo Bay.
• This pattern was repeated throughout the
  Caribbean in a policy that became known as the
  Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe doctrine.

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Roosevelt and Panama

• As part of Roosevelts Big Stick diplomacy. He
  advised SOS John Hay to offer Columbia 10 million
  and 250,000 a year. Columbia refused a
  revolution followed and the panama canal was
  created. Completed by George Goethals. Dr.
  Gorgas worked to control malaria

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Roosevelt and Venezuela

• U.S. protected the interest of Venezuela under
  the Monroe doctrine. Agreed to arbitration with
  Britain after that country created a naval
  blockade.
• Roosevelt corollary U.S. intervention should a
  American republic default on its debts an answer
  Argentine Minister Luis Drago. Would lead to
  Tafts dollar diplomacyand sales of U.S goods

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China and the open door

• Russia, Germany, France and Great Britain, forced
  China to lease their ports to them sometimes for
  99 years. These areas were known as the sphere
  of influence.
• The U.S. opposed this and wanted an open door
  policyspearheaded by John Hay

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Boxer Rebellion

• Many Chinese thought the U.S. was going to tear
  down a monument.
• These rebels killed some 200 foreigners and
  wanted to rid the country of Christianity.
• John Hay was quick to send a second series of
  open door notes outlining chinas right to
  territorial integerity. However this was never
  fully realized and the east would become a
  balance of power between the Western Nations

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Russo-Japanese War

• Russia and Japan fought over the resources of
  Manchuria.
• By 1905 Roosevelt worked out plans for peace
  between the two countries.
• Japan would give up claims in return for
  indemnity. Russia gave up parts of Manchuria.
  Japan would become dominate in Japan and Korea .
• The treaty of Portsmouth was known as a
  gentlemans agreement.

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Big Stick Activity

• Write Several examples of Rossevelts Big Stick
  Diplomacy and how it affected the United States
  politically and economically.
• China
• Venezuela
• Panama
• Japan
• Russia
• Dominican Republic

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Wilsons Moral Diplomacy

• Wanted to strike a new note in international
  affairs centered on sheer honesty and
  unselfishness
• This idea is tested in Mexico when Pres. Madero
  is assassinated by Victoriano Huerta.
• Huerta was favored by American Capitalists but
  Wilson did not recognize the government. Sent
  troops into Veracruz and was meant with
  anti-American sentiment.
• Other issues include Poncho Villa killing 18
  Americans in Columbus New Mexico. Wilson would
  eventually recall troops in 1917

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Morality and the Caribbean

• Military presence in Nicaragua, Haiti and the
  Dominican Republic.
• Purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark

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War in Europe

• Complex system of Alliances
• Triple AllianceGermany, Austria Hungary and
  Italy, VS. The Triple Entente Russia, UK,
  France.
• Serbian National Gavrillo Princip assonates Franz
  Ferdinand of Austria Hungary. Russia defends
  Serbia. Germany defends Austria Hungary and war
  is declared in August 1914.

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Issue of Neutrality

• America remained neutral though had historic ties
  to both the UK and France
• Irish and German immigrants hoped for a German
  victory.
• Though the U.S. was suppose to trade openly with
  both warring factions. Almost all goods labeled
  for Germany were declared contraband and trade
  with the Germany shrank.
• At the same time trade with Allied powers
  quadrupled. The U.S lent them 2 million. And
  citizens bought another 2 billion in War bonds
• The only recourse the Germans had was to attack
  unarmed ships like the Lusitana. 128 Americans
  died the Germans had warned the U.S. not to
  travel on the ship.

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The Sussex Pledge

• Wilson pleaded with Germany to stop targeting non
  combatants.
• Not wanting to strengthen the Allies further
  Germany agreed to stop targeting Merchant ships
  and compensated those injured on the Sussex.
• The Pledge meant Wilsons goal of keeping the
  U.S. out of war