The Amish

1
The Amish
Fig. 1 Working the fields

• Be not conformed to this world, but be
  transformed by the renewing of your mind that ye
  may prove what is good and acceptable and the
  perfect will of God." (Romans 122)

2
Be not conformed

• The Amish society has little, if any, desire to
  participate in our modern world, doing so only
  when necessary. However, because of songs such
  Amish Paradise, movies such as Witness, and
  the huge Amish tourist industry, each Amish
  person accounts for 30,000 dollars per year in
  tourist revenue (Kraybill 327), most of us know
  some basic facts about the Amish.

3

• For example, we know that they are very religious
  people.
• We know that they dress in a particular way with
  clothes that look old-fashioned to us. The Amish
  refer to this mode of dress, and living, as
  plain.

Fig. 2 Amish Youths
4

• We know they do not use electricity or drive
  cars.
• We know that they do not like to have their
  picture taken.

Fig. 3 Amish, Intercourse Pennsylvania
5

• We know they tend to live in certain areas of the
  country, such as Pennsylvania and Ohio.
• And, we know that family plays an extremely
  important role in their culture.

Fig. 4 Amish Family
6

• But beyond these basic facts, the Amish
  remain a mystery to most of us and questions
  still remain such as
• Why can the children use roller blades but not
  bicycles?
• Why will the Amish ride in cars but not own nor
  drive them?
• Why can they use calculators but not computers?
• And, is it true that some of the Amish have
  adopted some items from our modern world, such as
  computers and televisions?

7

• Hopefully, by examining their history and
  culture in more depth, these questions may be
  answered and a greater understanding of the Amish
  gained.

8
Historical Background of the Amish

• In 1517, Martin Luther led the Protestant
  Reformation and the breaking away from the
  Catholic Church.
• In 1525, several followers of a Swiss pastor,
  Ulrich Zwingli, grew impatient with the pace of
  reformation and started their own reformation
  within the Protestant church.

9

• The leaders of this group included Georg
  Blaurock, Conrad Grebel, and Felix Manz.
• In a secret ceremony, they illegally baptized
  each other and began what is often referred to as
  the Radical Reformation. Because everyone in the
  group had been baptized already as infants in the
  church, either Catholic or Protestant, they
  became know as the Anabaptists, which means
  rebaptizers.

10

• These men held beliefs that differed from the
  mainline Protestant doctrine.
• They believed that only adults willing to live a
  life of radical obedience to the teachings of
  Jesus Christ should be baptized (Kraybill 4).
  Consequently, their group refused to baptize
  infants.
• They also believed that government should not be
  involved with religion, that it had no authority
  within the church, and that the Bible was the
  only authority the church should obey. They also
  declared themselves to be pacifists.

11

• Other core beliefs included
• The church as a covenant community
• Exclusion of errant members from communion
• Literal obedience to the teachings of Christ
• Refusal to swear oaths
• Rejection of violence
• Social separation from the evil world (Kraybill
  6).

12

• Their beliefs brought them into direct conflict
  with civil and church authorities. They were
  viewed as a political threat as they questioned
  the historical interaction of civil government
  and the church.
• Their refusal to baptize infants defied
  government orders that all infants be baptized.
  This was done as a way to confer citizenship,
  maintain tax rolls, and provide a list of
  potential military recruits.
• Neither the church nor the government was going
  to allow this group to question their authority,
  and persecutions began almost immediately.

13

• Less than five months after they had rebaptized
  themselves, a member of the Anabaptists was
  executed for sedition against the government.

Fig. 5 Anabaptist being burned at the stake
14

• Despite the persecutions, the movement grew and
  spread throughout Sweden, the Netherlands, and
  Germany.
• However, the persecutions also continued and
  increased. Over the next two centuries, thousands
  of Anabaptists would be killed for their
  religious beliefs. Special hunters would even
  be trained to seek them out, torture, and kill
  them (Kraybill 4).

15

• The persecutions continued in various forms and
  gradually subsided in the 18th century. By then,
  thousands of Anabaptists had sought refuge in
  other countries, including America.
• Today the stories of the early days of the Amish
  religion are contained in the Martyrs Mirror,
  originally printed in 1660. The Martyrs Mirror
  is one of the Amishs most beloved books from
  which they draw strength to continue in their
  faith and beliefs.

16
Fig. 6 Compassion for the enemy

• Among the stories is one of an Anabaptist
  named Dirk Williams. He was being chased by a
  sheriff when the sheriff fell through the ice.
  Williams heard the mans cries for help, turned
  back and pulled him from the ice, thus saving his
  life. The sheriff promptly arrested Williams, and
  he was burnt at the stake in 1569.

17

• Another Anabaptist, Michael Sattler, was
  sentenced to be delivered to the executioner,
  who shall cut out his tongue, then throw him upon
  a wagon, and tear his body twice with red-hot
  tongs and after he has been brought without the
  gate, he shall be pinched five times in the same
  manner (Igou 26). After the torture, Sattler was
  burned at the stake.

18

• In 1537, a former Catholic by the name of Menno
  Simons joined the Anabaptists. His followers
  would come to be known as Mennonites and some of
  them would later settle in the Alsace region of
  modern-day France. One of these men would be
  Jakob Amman, who, in the 1690s, began to have
  problems with Mennonite and Anabaptist doctrine.

19

• The church had drifted from many of its original
  ways, Amman declared, becoming too lenient in the
  process. He called for reform and renewal within
  the Mennonite and the Anabaptist church.
• Some of the problems he had with the church
  revolved around communion. Amman thought that
  communion should be held twice a year instead of
  the annual service that was then being held. He
  also contended that foot washing should be part
  of the communion service something the
  Mennonites had drifted away from.

20

• He also disagreed with the manner of
  excommunication of those who disobeyed church
  doctrine. Amman argued that not only should they
  be cast out of the church, but they should also
  be shunned in social circles as well, with true
  believers breaking off all contact with them.
• Amman began to have open disagreements with the
  Swiss Anabaptist bishop, Hans Reist. These
  disagreements came to a head the day that Amman
  and his followers excommunicated Reist and other
  leaders of the church.

21

• Despite later efforts to heal this breach, the
  damage had been done and Ammans followers split
  from the Mennonite church in 1693. They would
  later come to be known as Amish, named after
  Jakob Amman.
• After the split, Amman followers adopted their
  own doctrine that included, among other things,
  prohibitions against trimming of beards,
  fashionable dress, and the use of buttons.
  Ammans followers would forgo the use of buttons,
  utilizing hook and eyes instead. They often
  referred to the Mennonite church they had left as
  the button people.

22
The Amish Today Day to Day Living

• Today, the Amish order their communities around
  three basic components settlement, district, and
  affiliation.

Fig. 7 Old Order Amish Couple circa 1940
23

• The settlement consists of the Amish families who
  live within a geographical area. These
  settlements range in size from a few families to
  several thousand people. One such settlement is
  in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The settlement
  may have non-Amish, or English homes scattered
  amongst the Amish homes, but towards the center
  of the settlement, it will be almost exclusively
  Amish homes and farms. In some areas, the Amish
  may own up to 90 of the farmland within their
  settlement area.

24

• The district refers to the church district, the
  basic organizational unit within the Amish
  society. The district typically consists of
  approximately twenty-five to thirty-five families
  living in close proximately to each other. Church
  services are held in homes, so houses in the
  district need to be large enough to accommodate
  all families with the district. When the district
  becomes too large, a new district is formed. In
  Lancaster County, four or five new districts are
  formed every year.

25

• An affiliation is a cluster of Amish
  congregations in spiritual fellowship with each
  other. Congregations, or districts, within each
  affiliation will follow similar religious and
  social practices, cooperating with each other to
  survive. The Old Order Amish of Lancaster County
  is one such affiliation. However, there are also
  New Order Amish affiliations and the Beachy Amish
  affiliation, who are more progressive and thus,
  outside of the Old Order affiliation because of
  their views on religious and social issues.

26

• There are over 1, 300 districts scattered
  throughout America and Canada today, with a total
  population around 180,000.
• Of the 250 settlements, 70 were founded after
  1960.
• The largest settlement is in Ohio and contains
  more than 150 districts.

27
Old Order Amish

• It is the picture of the Old Order Amish with
  their plain clothes and buggies that comes to
  most peoples mind when they think Amish.
• The Old Order Amish today have deviated little
  from the regulations established by Jakob Amman
  over 300 years ago.

Fig. 8 Old Order Amish at a horse auction
28

• They still dress plain, do not use electricity,
  do not own or drive cars, do not have telephones
  in their homes, and forbid the use of most modern
  farm equipment, including air-filled tires.
• In an Old Order Amish home, all lighting is
  supplied by candle or oil and gas lamp.
  Bottle-gas appliances are acceptable under the
  Ordnung. The Ordnung, a verbal standard that the
  Amish live by, will be discussed in detail later.
  

29
Fig. 9 Old Order Amish with farm equipment

• However, look inside an Old Order Amish cow barn
  and you will find a modern automated milking
  system with refrigerated tanks. Because the Amish
  must trade with the outside world to survive,
  they must conform to modern health and
  agriculture laws mandated by the various federal,
  state and local agencies. Thus, the modern
  equipment is necessary. However, it is all
  powered by gas generators, not electricity.

30

• Old Order Amish follow strict clothing
  regulations. Men wear black suits without lapels
  or buttons, white or blue shirts, black
  suspenders, black shoes or boots and
  broad-brimmed hats in black felt or natural
  straw. Old Order women wear a frock type dress of
  mid-calf to ankle length with black stockings, an
  apron, black shoes or boots, black cape, and
  either a white "prayer cap" (if baptized) or a
  black hood.
• Only solid colors are worn, with darker colors
  favored over lighter ones. The idea behind the
  dress code is not only that it sets them apart
  from the world, but that is also eliminates pride
  and envy.

31

• Men crop their hair, and wear beards, if married,
  but not mustaches as they are associated with the
  military.
• Women do not cut their hair but wear it tied in a
  bun on their head, which is always covered once
  she is baptized.

Fig. 10 Amish women
32
Fig. 11 Young Amish out for a ride

• The Old Order Amish make their own clothes,
  although they do purchase the fabric. Hats,
  suspenders, and shoes can be bought ready-made.
• The buggies they drive vary according to purpose.
  The family buggy will always be covered. Young
  people drive open buggies, such as the one in the
  photo above.

33

• Old Order Amish use High German for church
  services, and their Bibles are also printed in
  High German. All Amish can speak English, but
  they use a form of Low German amongst themselves
  in everyday activities.
• The name they give to those outside their order,
  the English, is not viewed by the Amish as
  derogatory, but simply refers to the language
  used most often by the world outside the order.

34
New Order and Beachy Amish

• The important thing to remember when studying the
  Amish is that there are many variations within
  the culture. Some are more strict then others in
  matters of religion and society codes. Adherence
  varies from affiliation to affiliation some
  allow one thing while banning another.

35

• For example, the New Order and Beachy Amish vary
  greatly from the Old Order in daily life, but not
  in religious practice.
• The New Order Amish are more progressive than the
  Old Order but still restrictive in the use of
  modern items. They use telephones in their homes,
  allow air operated equipment, electrical
  generators, bicycles, and gas pressurized
  lights.  They also allow the use of rubber
  air-filled tires, milking machines and milk bulk
  tanks. However, horses are still mandated for
  field work and transportation. They do not own or
  drive cars.

36

• The Beachy Amish have telephones, more modern
  clothing, and utilize modern farm equipment. They
  are also are allowed to own and drive cars and
  meet for worship in meeting houses instead of
  private homes. All but six of the Beachy
  districts now use English in their worship
  instead of German. They refer to their churches
  as fellowships and maintain just enough
  centralization to maintain the sense of
  congregationalism that is so highly valued by all
  Amish.

37

• There are approximately 150 districts of Beachy
  Amish. They have fellowships in America, Latin
  America, Africa, Australia, and parts of Europe.
  They are considered by many in the Amish and
  Mennonite communities to be a combination of both
  groups
• The New Order Amish are found almost exclusively
  in Ohio and Pennsylvania.

38

• Both groups still hold to the Ordnung, like the
  Old Order, but in varying degrees.
• Both groups also differ from the Old Order in the
  issues of Meidung (avoidance), Streng-Meidung
  (strict banning) what we today refer to as
  shunning.
• The New Order and the Beachy Amish practice, for
  the most part, avoidance and not total shunning,
  like the Old Order.

39
Day to Day Life little known facts

• The Amish are exempt from paying Social Security
  taxes, however they do pay all other federal,
  state, and local taxes.
• They provide their own social security within
  their communities. Members are taken care of and
  provided for at all stages of life. Everyone is
  expected to contribute to a fund that is used to
  help members who need financial assistance.

40

• Musical instruments are not allowed among the Old
  Order Amish, as they believe it would lead to
  pride and the stirring up of emotions.
• Amish do not believe in having their picture
  taken they consider photographs to be graven
  images and thus against Gods law. However, many
  photos of the Amish are to be found. This is
  because while they will not pose for photos, they
  do not object to someone taking an unposed photo
  if permission is asked beforehand.

41
Fig. 12 On the way to a wedding

• Families are a cornerstone of the Amish
  community, and as such, marriage is an important
  part of life.
• Nine out of every ten adult Amish are married.
• Marriages are traditionally held on a Tuesday or
  Thursday in November, after fall Communion

42

• Most couples meet at singings, which are
  similar to country dances. Both must be members
  of the church to marry.
• In October, the names of those seeking to be
  married are published by being read at Sunday
  service. The couple will not attend church that
  day, instead the woman will fix a special meal
  for her finance, which they eat at home alone.
• Amish wedding dresses are blue and have no lace
  or train. This same dress is usually used by the
  woman to wear to church, and she will more than
  likely be buried in it as well.

43

• The wedding service lasts for up to five hours,
  after which is a huge feast which continues long
  into the night. The marriage night is spent at
  the house of the brides parents.
• The newlyweds will spend the rest of the winter
  visiting and spending time at various relatives
  houses. It will be spring before they establish a
  home of their own.

44

• The Amish believe large families are a blessing
  from God, so contraception is not practiced. The
  typical Amish family has 8.5 children.
• By the age of forty-five, an Amish woman has
  probably given birth to seven children.
• Under the Ordnung, divorce is not allowed

45

• Children are usually born at home and attend
  school only through the eighth grade.
• Amish children walk to school, which are usually
  one room buildings.

Fig. 13 An Amish classroom
46

• After the eighth grade, children are schooled at
  home, learning and working alongside their family
  until they marry and start a family of their own.
  In 1972, the Amish won an exemption from the U.S.
  Supreme Court, granting them exemption from
  Federal or state mandated school attendance. They
  had argued that their religious beliefs teach
  that a child should be schooled at home beyond
  the eighth grade, and to send their children to
  school beyond that would violate their religious
  teaching.

47

• The Amish also currently have a proposal before
  the government requesting exemption from Federal
  Labor Laws regulating teen-agers and certain
  heavy woodworking machinery. Over the last
  decade, federal inspectors have fined some Amish
  wood mills as much as 20,000 for illegally
  allowing teens to work in the same buildings as
  this equipment.

48

• Although the proposal does not specifically
  mention the Amish, it would give them an
  unconstitutional exception simply because of
  their religious affiliation." The Amish wish
  their teen-agers to be able to be around the
  equipment in order to learn how to operate it.
  They are seeking exemption based on religious
  grounds, as they view these apprenticeships as a
  cornerstone of their faith (Jordan),

49

• In Amish society, woman are viewed as equal
  partners in the marriage, but it is the man who
  holds authority in the family and the church.
  Wives are expected to submit to their husbands.
• Women do help with all aspects of family chores,
  although the men seldom help with household type
  work.

50

• While womens rights is not an issue among the
  Amish, some women do wish for more equality and
  more modern conveniences to make their household
  job easier.

51

• While more Amish women today own their own
  businesses than in the past, their traditional
  role is still viewed as being in the house taking
  care of home and family.
• The Amish have no prohibition against using
  modern health services or medicines. They view
  these as ways of healing that are blessings from
  God.

52

• While the Amish do not celebrate some national
  holidays such as Memorial Day or the Fourth of
  July, they do observe Thanksgiving Day,
  Christmas, New Years Day, and Easter, as well as
  other holidays that spring from their European
  roots, such as St. Michael's Day.

53

• The Amish barn rising is another aspect of their
  culture that most people know about. The barn is
  started in the morning and finished by that night.

Fig. 14 Seven in the morning
54

• One day work/social events, like the barn
  raising, are called frolics. Hundreds of people
  may come together to build a school, help plant a
  field, or women may gather to help clean a house
  or make a quilt. Women also hold Sisters Day,
  where all the sisters in a family gather one day
  a month to visit and chat. They will usually work
  on a quilt during that time, or clean a house.

55

• While the Old Order Amish can not own cars, they
  often pay someone to drive them to various places
  too far to drive their buggy.
• Amish also take vacations to such places as
  Europe. Although they are forbidden to fly, they
  can take a train or a boat to their destination.
  One popular vacation spot is an Amish community
  in Florida, which attracts hundreds of Amish on
  their vacations every year.

56
Amish Gangs

• The Rumspringa is a time of life for Amish that
  typically begins at the age of sixteen and lasts
  until they are married. It loosely translates as
  sowing wild oats.
• During this time, a young person will join a
  gang with whom they run around with on the
  weekends.
• During this period of their lives, the youth are
  viewed as falling between the authority of their
  parents and the church because they are not yet
  baptized.

57

• In Lancaster County alone, there are over twenty
  six Amish youth gangs, with names such as the
  Bluebirds, Canaries, Pine Cones, Drifters,
  Shotguns, Rockys, and Quakers.
• Youth are free to join the gang of their choice.
  The gang will then become their primary social
  group until their marriage.
• Gangs vary in the intensity of their activities.

58

• While some gangs are reserved and do no more wild
  behavior than hold a dance on Saturday night or a
  volleyball game, others may hold parties where
  beer kegs will be present, modern music played by
  live bands with electric instruments, and all
  attendees dress in secular clothing.
• Some gangs place fancy reflective tape on their
  buggies, which may have a radio or CD player
  hidden inside.

59

• In 1998, two Amish men were arrested in
  Pennsylvania for buying cocaine, which they then
  sold to other members of their gang.
• This very public incident, coupled with an
  increase in alcohol abuse among the youth in the
  gangs, prompted members of the Amish community to
  rein in the gangs to some extent. Many events are
  now chaperoned by adults and a closer eye are
  kept on the youth during these years.

60
Amish Religious Life

• Amish are Christians, with all traditional
  Christian beliefs in the Divinity of Christ, the
  Trinity, salvation, etc.
• The Ordnung, roughly translated it means order,
  is a set of oral laws that regulates all aspects
  of Amish society, from religion to family life.
  It is not something that is written down, instead
  all Amish just know it, thats all (Kraybill
  112).

61

• The Ordnung is something that all Amish grow up
  with and learn by observing adults and their
  behavior.
• In some aspects of life, the Ordnung is very
  specific, such as in the case of how hair should
  be worn. Other areas, such as food issues, are
  more open to individual interpretation.

62

• New issues are constantly being addressed in the
  Ordnung as technology advances. It was recently
  decided that transplanting cow embryos was not to
  be allowed but that battery operated calculators
  could be used.
• However, unless a practice begins to cause
  problems within the community, or is something
  that would obviously be forbidden, it is usually
  either overlooked or not addressed within the
  Ordnung.

63

• Exemptions are made in some cases. A mental
  challenged child may be allowed to have a
  bicycle, for example, or a family with medical
  problems may be allowed to connect to electricity
  to run needed medical equipment.

64
Examples of Practices Prescribed by the Ordnung

• color and style of clothing
• hat styles for men
• order of the worship service
• kneeling for prayer in worship
• marriage within the church
• use of horses for fieldwork
• use of Pennsylvania German
• steel wheels on machinery

65
Examples of things prohibited by the Ordnung

• air transportation
• central heating in homes
• electricity from public power lines
• entering military service
• jewelry, including wedding rings and wrist
  watches
• joining worldly (public) organizations
• owning computers, televisions, radios
• using tractors for fieldwork
• wall-to-wall carpeting (Kraybill 116)

66

• Amish are typically baptized around the age of
  nineteen to twenty two. Baptism is viewed as a
  vow that the person agrees to submit to the
  church, the community, and the Ordnung.
• Worship services are held every other Sunday in
  homes of members. The services traditionally last
  three hours, starting around 800am, lasting
  until 300pm with the meal that follows.

67

• Men and women enter the house through different
  doors and sit separately for worship and eating.
• Except in some New Order or Beach Amish
  districts, services are held in High German.
• The worship service usually consists of
  fellowship, followed by congregational singing, a
  sermon, prayer, reading of Scripture, another
  sermon, more prayer, and a benediction. A meal is
  served afterward.

68

• Who will preach is not decided until that
  morning this precludes any feelings of pride.
  However, only ordained men are allowed to preach.
  
• There is no music, offering, cross, candles, or
  any other items likely to be found in a modern
  worship service. The Amish worship as they live
  simply.
• Sunday is considered holy a day when no work is
  to be done or money transacted. Even those few
  who smoke refrain from doing so on Sunday.

69

• Communion is held twice a year and only after any
  changes to the Ordung have been agreed upon and
  the pastors feel all have fully confessed of
  their sins.
• The Communion service will last all day, from
  800am to 400pm, culminating in a foot washing
  ceremony in which all members ritually wash each
  others feet.
• Ministers are chosen by lot from a list of men
  recommended by men in the community.

70

• A slip of paper with a Bible verse will be placed
  in a song book each man nominated, who agrees to
  serve, will then take a book from the pile and
  open it. The one whose book has the slip of paper
  is the one who will be ordained.
• Amish ministers receive no pay, and they serve
  for life. A saying among the Amish is only God
  can fire an Amish minister (Kraybill 130).
• Ministers are then ordained in the church, after
  which their family will be expected to follow the
  Ordnung to the exacting letter.

71

• Within the Amish community, a term is often used
  to describe their life style. This word is
  Gelassenheit. It means, roughly translated, a
  yielding or submission, and it signifies the
  Amish life.

72

• Gelassenheit involves submission to the family,
  submission to the community, submission to
  tradition, submission to the Ordnung, submission
  to the church, and most important, submission to
  God.

73
Amish and Technology

• The Amish have found it increasingly difficult to
  moderate their beliefs with technology. This has
  resulted in some unusual practices throughout the
  years.
• For example, phones are not allowed in homes, but
  the use of them is allowed, so you will see Amish
  using the phones of their non-Amish neighbors or
  the community phone that can be found outside
  stores or some houses.

74

• The use of cell phones is increasing among the
  Amish, as they are easily hid from inquiring
  neighbors eyes.
• Electricity generated from batteries or gas
  powered generators is allowed under the Ordnung.

75

• These electricity may be used for things such as
  fence chargers, cow trainers, agitators for bulk
  milk tanks, calculators, adding machines, reading
  lights for the elderly, hand-held drills, small
  motors to operate equipment in shops, welders,
  the electrical tools needed by mobile
  construction crews, and to recharge batteries for
  a variety of uses.

76

• It can not be used for general lighting in houses
  or barns, computers, hair dryers, or other
  similar modern electrical appliances, among other
  things.
• If an Amish buys a house from an English, he
  has one year to tear out all electrical wiring in
  the house or face sanctions from the church.

77

• Owning a car is grounds for automatic expulsion
  from the order.
• A child may ride a scooter, but bicycles are
  forbidden. When asked why, one Amish replied, I
  dont know, they just are (Kraybill 12).

Fig. 15 Boy and his scooter
78

• One young Amish woman joked that the the men
  make the rules so thats why more modern things
  are permitted in the barn than in the house
  (Kraybill 85).

79
Conclusion

• There are three Biblical passages the Amish often
  quote to define who they are and why they live as
  they do.

80

• The first verse is Peter 29 "But you are a
  chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy
  nation, a peculiar people.
• The Amish feel this passage applies to them and
  that if it did not, then it is an indicator that
  something is wrong and must be corrected.

81

• The second verse is Matthew 516 "Let your light
  so shine before men, that they may see your good
  works, and glorify your Father which is in
  heaven.
• This verse is viewed as being directed towards
  themselves. The Amish feel that their plain
  clothes, honesty, generosity, life style, piety,
  and obedience to God are ways the world may see
  their good works and they may glorify God.

82

• The third passage comes from 1 Corinthians 214
  "But the natural man receives not the things of
  the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness unto
  him neither can he know them, because they are
  spiritually discerned.
• This third verse is seen by the Amish as
  explanation as to why the rest of the world does
  not follow their way of life and why their
  culture seems foolish to those outside their
  community.

83

• The Amish today face increasing pressure to
  conform to the world. Until now they have managed
  to meld modernity with their beliefs without much
  social upheaval. Only time will tell if they can
  continue to do so successfully.

84
Works Cited

• Good, Merle and Phyllis. 20 Most Asked Questions
  about the Amish and Mennonites. Intercourse,
  Pennsylvania Good Books, 1995.
• Igou, Brad. The Amish in Their Own Words The
  Amish in Their Own Words Amish Writings From
  25 Years of Family Life Magazine. netlibrary. 9
  October 2003. lthttp/ /www.netlibrary.com/ebook_i
  nfo.asp?product_id27993gt.
• Jordan, Lara, Jakes. Amish Want Labor Laws for
  Teens Relaxed. Newsday.com 8 October 2003. 10
  October 2003. lthttp//www.newsday.com/news/politic
  s/wire/sns-ap-amish- labor-laws,0,4218895.story?co
  llsns-ap-politics-headlinesgt.
• Kraybill, Donald. The Riddle of Amish Culture.
  netlibrary. 9 October 2003. lthttp//emedia.netlib
  rary.com/ebook_info.asp?product_id75718gt.

85
Image Credits

• Figure 1 Plowing the fields. How Stuff Works. 9
  October 2003. lthttp// www.howstuffworks.com/amis
  h3.htmgt.
• Figure 2 Graham, Ira. Amish Youth. Ira Graham
  Photography web site. 9 October 2003.
  lthttp//iragrahamphotography.com/photojournalism.
  htmgt.
• Figure 3 Peled, Doran. Amish, Intercourse,
  Pennsylvania. 9 October 2003. lthttp//www.dcs.war
  wick.ac.uk/doron/travel.htmlgt.
• Fig. 4 Amish Family. Aaron and Jessicas Buggy
  Rides. 9 October 2003. lthttp//www.amishbuggyride
  s.com/html/questions.htmlgt.
• Figure 5 Anabaptist being burnt at the stake.
  The Hutterian Brethren. 9 October 2003.
  lthttp//www.hutterites.org/histpic.htmgt.
• Figure 6 Compassion for the Enemy. Mennonite
  Quarterly Review. 9 October 2003.
  lthttp//www.goshen.edu/mqr/Dirk_Willems.htmlgt.
• Figure 7 Old Order Amish Couple. Library of
  Congress Photo Archives. 9 October 2003.
  lthttp//www.loc.gov/rr/print/catalog.htmlgt.
• Figure 8 Old Order Amish at a horse auction.
  Pennsylvania Press Association. 9 October 2003.
  lthttp//www.pnpa.com/publications/press/sept01/ami
  sh.htmgt.

86

• Figure 9 Mennonite Historical Society of Canada.
  9 October 2003. lthttp//www.mhsc.ca/
  index.asp?contenthttp//www.mhsc.ca/encyclopedia
  /contents/N4945ME.htmlgt.
• Figure 10 R.C. Quilts. 9 October 2003.
  lthttp//www.quiltsandpatchwork.com/viajes.htmgt.
• Figure 11 9 October 2003. lthttp//www.mountainedg
  ealpacas.com/Map.htmgt.
• Figure 12 Mennonite Historical Society of
  Canada. 9 October 2003. lthttp//www.mhsc.ca/
  index.asp?contenthttp//www.mhsc.ca/encyclopedia
  /contents/N4945ME.htmlgt.
• Figure 13 Who are the Amish? 9 October 2003.
  lthttp//www.thepeoplesplace.com/ page2.htmgt.
• Figure 14 Who are the Amish. 9 October 2003.
  lthttp//www.thepeoplesplace.com/ page2.htmgt.
• Figure 15 Aaron and Jessicas Buggy Rides. 9
  October 2003. lthttp//www.amishbuggyrides.com/htm
  l/questions.htmlgt.